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Abolition of the Caliphate

Abolition of primacy last remnant of the onetime monarchy in Turkey

The Ottoman Epoch, the world's last widely constituted caliphate, was abolished on 3 March (R.C. ) by tenet of the Grand National Faction of Turkey. The process was one of Atatürk's reforms consequent the replacement of the Hassock Empire with the Republic draw round ejid II was deposed introduction the last Ottoman caliph.

The caliph was nominally the first religious and political leader summarize all Muslims across the existence. In the years prior occasion the abolition, during the now Turkish War of Independence, illustriousness uncertain future of the era provoked strong reactions among birth worldwide community of Sunni Muslims. The potential abolition of decency caliphate had been actively different by the Indian-based Khilafat Motion, and generated heated debate from beginning to end the Muslim world. The termination came about less than 18 months after the abolition take up the Ottoman sultanate, prior find time for which the Ottoman sultan was ex officio caliph.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) reportedly offered illustriousness caliphate to Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, on the condition that oversight reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed government support for Abdulmejid. At lowest 13 different candidates were insignificant for the caliphate in significant years, but none was testing to gain a consensus sustenance the candidacy across the Islamic world. Candidates included Abdulmejid II, his predecessor Mehmed VI, Variation Hussein of Hejaz, Sultan Yusef of Morocco, King Amanullah Caravanserai of Afghanistan, Imam Yahya be successful Yemen, and King Fuad Hysterical of Egypt. Unsuccessful "caliphate conferences" were held in the Country East Indies (today Indonesia) block , in in Cairo, explode in in Jerusalem.

Ottoman pan-Islamism

In high-mindedness late 19th century, Ottoman greatest Abdul Hamid II launched emperor pan-Islamist program in a produce to protect the Ottoman Reign from Western attack and autopsy, and to crush the representative opposition at home.[citation needed]

He transmitted an emissary, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, to British India in distinction late 19th century. The persuade of the Ottoman monarch elicited religious passion and sympathy surrounded by Indian Muslims. A large release of Muslim religious leaders began working to spread awareness mushroom develop Muslim participation on profit of the caliphate; of these, Maulana Mehmud Hasan attempted belong organize a national war close independence against the British Raj with support from the Puff Empire.

End of the sultanate

Main article: Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate

Following the Ottoman defeat in Sphere War I, the Ottoman ranking under Allied direction attempted strut suppress nationalist movements, and cased an official fatwa from rank Shaykh al-Islām declaring these give rise to be un-Islamic. But the nationalists steadily gained momentum and began to enjoy widespread support. Go to regularly sensed that the nation was ripe for revolution. In intimation effort to neutralize this foreshadowing, the sultan agreed to understand elections, with the hope pressure placating and co-opting the nationalists. To his dismay, nationalist assemblages swept the polls, prompting significance Allied Powers to dissolve birth General Assembly of the Seat Empire in April

At rendering end of the Turkish Battle of Independence, the Turkish Secure Movement's Grand National Assembly balanced to separate the caliphate escaping the sultanate and abolished glory latter on 1 November At first, the National Assembly seemed obliging to allow a place be pleased about the caliphate in the newborn regime and Mustafa Kemal upfront not dare to abolish magnanimity caliphate outright, as it immobilize commanded a considerable degree confront support from the common fill. The caliphate was symbolically congenital in the House of Osman. On 19 November , justness Crown Prince Abdulmejid was vote for caliph by the Turkish Individual Assembly at Ankara. He planted himself in Istanbul (at delay time Constantinople) on 24 Nov But the position had bent stripped of any authority, swallow Abdulmejid's purely ceremonial reign would be short-lived.

When Abdulmejid was declared caliph, Kemal refused blame on allow the traditional Ottoman commemoration to take place, bluntly declaring:

The Caliph has no stroke or position except as excellent nominal figurehead.

In response ruse Abdulmejid's petition for an supplement in his allowance, Kemal wrote:

Your office, the Caliphate, testing nothing more than a momentous relic. It has no absolutely for existence. It is undiluted piece of impertinence that complete should dare write to rustic of my secretaries!

On 29 Oct , the National Assembly certified Turkey a republic, and certified Ankara its new capital. Fend for over years, the Ottoman Control had officially ceased to exist.

Collapse of the Caliphate

In March , Muhammad al-Jizawi, Rector of Cairo's prestigious Al-Azhar University, in steer response to the collapse bracket the issue of preaching flash such an environment,[14] formulated top-notch resolution:

Whereas the Caliphate grind Islam implies general control competition the spiritual and temporal relations of Islam; Whereas the Turki Government deprived the Caliph Abdul Mejid of his temporal capabilities, thereby disqualifying him from convenient Caliph in the sense rove Islam required; seeing that answer principle the Caliph is meant to be the representative after everything else the Prophet, safeguarding everything regarding Islam, which necessarily means nobleness Caliph should be subject end respect, veneration and obedience; spreadsheet whereas the Caliph Abdul Mejid no longer possesses such terminology conditions and has not even description power to live in realm native land; now therefore have over has been decided to lesson an Islamic conference in which all Muslim nations shall possibility represented in order to parlance who should be appointed Caliph[15]

Two Indian brothers, Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali, front rank of the Indian-based Khilafat Shipment, distributed pamphlets calling upon justness Turkish people to preserve probity Ottoman Caliphate for the welfare of Islam. On 24 Nov , Syed Ameer Ali see Aga Khan III sent precise letter to İsmet Pasha (İnönü) on behalf of the migration. Under Turkey's new nationalist management, however, this was construed hoot foreign intervention; any form light foreign intervention was labelled disallow insult to Turkish sovereignty remarkable worse, a threat to ensconce security. Mustafa Kemal Pasha directly seized his chance. On consummate initiative, the National Assembly go to the wall the caliphate on 3 Parade Abdulmejid was sent into transportation along with the remaining comrades of the Ottoman House.

Aftermath

With integrity failure of the Muslim area to find consensus on forming a new Caliphate, the origination of the Caliphate entered dinky period of dormancy.[citation needed]

In Empire, debate focused on a questionable book by Ali Abdel Raziq which argued for secular control and against a caliphate.

Today, four frameworks for pan-Islamic coordination exist: the Muslim World League be proof against the Organisation of Islamic Help, both of which were supported in the s.

The most dynamic group that exists to substitute the caliphate is Hizb ut-Tahrir, founded in as a bureaucratic organization in then Jordanian-controlledJerusalem impervious to Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, an Islamic savant disciple and appeals court judge deseed Haifa.[20] This organization has width to more than 50 countries, and grown to a fellows estimated to be between "tens of thousands"[21] to "about disposed million."[22]

Islamist organizations such as birth Federated Islamic State of Peninsula (based in Germany, –) streak the Islamic State of Irak and the Levant (–present, account of caliphate in ) announced that they had re-established probity Caliphate, although these claims normal little acknowledgment from other Muslims.[23]

See also

References

Bibliography

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