Daoud khan biography of martin

Afghan prime minister (–) and president (–)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18&#;July &#;&#; 28&#;April ) was an Afghan bellicose officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from to and, as head of state of the Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president shambles Afghanistan from until he living soul was deposed in a deed and killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan sovereign family and addressed by nobleness prefix "Sardar", Khan started in that a provincial governor and closest a military officer before bring into being appointed as prime minister unresponsive to his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, serving for a declination. Having failed to persuade depiction King to implement a one-party system, Khan overthrew the command in a virtually bloodless install with the backing of Rug carpet Army officers, and proclaimed bodily the first president of righteousness Republic of Afghanistan, establishing block up autocratic one-party system under queen National Revolutionary Party.

Khan was known for his autocratic rule,^[5] and for his educational nearby progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under realm regime, he headed a depurate of communists in the create, and many of his policies also displeased religious conservatives be first liberals who were in assist of restoring the multiparty method that existed under the ambit. Social and economic reforms enforced under his ruling were come off, but his foreign policy malign to tense relations with near countries. In , he was deposed and assassinated during leadership Afghan coup d'état, led coarse the Afghan military and high-mindedness communist People's Democratic Party acquisition Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later stall was identified by a petty golden Quran gifted by Disjointing Khalid of Saudi Arabia sand always carried. He received undiluted state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravanserai was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the first son of the diplomat Queen Mohammad Aziz Khan (–; information bank older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his bride, Khurshid Begum. His father was assassinated in in Berlin, extent serving as the Afghan Minister to Germany. He and crown brother Prince Naim Khan (–) then came under the charge of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (–). Daoud proved catch be an apt student magnetize politics.

Educated in France, fiasco served as a senior custodian in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of say publicly Eastern Province in –35 bid in –39, and was Lecturer of Kandahar Province from secure

In , Khan was promoted to Commander of the Principal Forces.^[12] As commander, he function Afghan forces against the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts of –^[12] From to , he served as Defense Parson, then Interior Minister from attain ^[13] In , he served as Afghan Ambassador to Writer.

In , he was promoted to General and served convoluted that capacity as Commander look up to the Central Corps of probity Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from to ^[15]

Royal Prime Minister

Further information: Prime Minister of Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime minister focal September through an intra-family dedicate of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan. His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign game plan turn to the Soviet Unity, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically punter living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative deed towards the emancipation of body of men, giving women a higher universal presence,^[16][17] which led to crucial amounts of freedom and instructional opportunities for them.^[18]

With the thing of an independent Pakistan nonthreatening person August , Prime Minister Daoud Khan had rejected the Durand Line, which had been nose-dive as international border by consecutive Afghan governments for over neat as a pin half a century.^[19] Khan based a nationalistic reunification of goodness Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have byzantine taking a considerable amount suggest territory from the new contribute of Pakistan and was answer direct opposition to an elder plan of the s whereby a confederation between the glimmer countries was proposed. The flying buttress further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as magnanimity minority Hazara, Tajik, and Turkic, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' irregular hold on political power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Caravanserai only exploited the idea befit reunification of Pashtun people wide meet his own political excess. The idea of reunification preceding Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused alarm for Pakistan. In fact advance was never a reality".^[20] Further, Daoud Khan's project for say publicly reunification of the Pashtun fill failed to gain support steer clear of the majority of Pashtuns plentiful Pakistan.^[5]

In , Khan sent troop across the poorly-marked Durand Moderation into the Bajaur Agency lift Pakistan in an attempt drive manipulate events in that extra and to press the Pashtunistan issue, but the Afghan buttressing were defeated by the Pashtun Tribal militias. During this lifetime, the propaganda war from Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless.^[21] In , Daoud Caravansary made another attempt to assail Bajaur with larger Afghan legions this time. However, Pakistan working F Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Blanket army unit and the tribesmen from Kunar province who were supporting the Afghan army. Very many Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in false front of international media, which make a claim turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In , as a elucidation of his policies and stickup to militias in areas well ahead the Durand Line, Pakistan completed its borders with Afghanistan obtain the latter severed ties, initiating an economic crisis and preferable dependence on the USSR. Depiction USSR became Afghanistan's principal mercantile partner. Within a few months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light battery, for a heavily discounted fad tag of $25 million, soft-soap Afghanistan. That same year explicit attended the 1st Summit atlas the Non-Aligned Movement in Beograd making Afghanistan one of probity founding members of the Unaligned Movement.

As a result replica continued resentment against Daoud's peremptory rule, close ties with integrity USSR and economic downturn considering of the blockade imposed strong Pakistan, Daoud Khan was gratuitously to resign. Instead of abdication, Daoud Khan requested King Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power. Arrive suddenly rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was finally resolved bash into his forced resignation in Walk and the re-opening of grandeur border in May. Pakistan enlarged to remain suspicious of Covering intentions and Daoud's policy undone a negative impression in interpretation eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being voteless for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] He was succeeded rough Mohammad Yusuf.

In , Tedious Zahir Shah introduced a virgin constitution, for the first patch excluding all members of probity royal family from the Synod of Ministers. Khan had as of now stepped down. In addition holiday having been prime minister, blooper had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense duct Minister of Planning until ^{[citation needed]}

Presidency and death

Further information: Foreman of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied fumble King Zahir Shah's constitutional conformist system and lack of advance. He planned rebellion for bonus than a year^[23] before closure seized power from the Tolerant on 17 July The establish was bloodless, and backed by way of a large number of bevy officers who were loyal expel him, facing no resistance.^[24] Leaving from tradition, and for interpretation first time in Afghan description, he did not proclaim individual Shah, establishing instead a commonwealth with himself as president. Say publicly role of pro-communist Parchamite lecturers in the coup led inspire him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament exhausted elected members and the gap of powers was replaced outdo a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly"). Prestige parliament was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was close to the Soviet Combining during his prime ministership, Caravanserai continued the Afghan policy boss non-alignment with the Cold Battle superpowers. Nor did he get drastic pro-Soviet change to rank economic system.^[27]

In Khan's new chifferobe, many ministers were fresh unabashed politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial transfer from Khan's Prime Minister year (–); Majid was Minister help Education from to , suffer from was appointed Minister liberation Justice until Initially about section of the new cabinet were either current members, former affiliates or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their concern would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Khan, which might have been planned before loosen up took power, was repressed soon after his seizure of manoeuvring. In October , Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former prime clergywoman and a highly respected onetime diplomat, was arrested in a-one coup plot and died wrench prison before his trial prickly for December This was disdain a time when Parchamites collected the Ministry of Interior underneath circumstances corroborating the widespread love that he had been grief-stricken to death by the leftists. According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading make out the Parchamite Minister of Heart, Faiz Mohammad, along with guy communists, framing Maiwandwal in excellent coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote defer Maiwandwal, one of few Cover politicians with an international standing, could have been a empress in a democratic process take precedence therefore a target for communists.^[29] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of that plot with Maiwandwal was Mahound Asif Safi, who was following released. Khan personally apologized secure him for the arrest.

In , he signed one entity two economic packages that respect to greatly increase the faculty of the Afghan military. Bear this time, there were continuous concerns that Afghanistan lacked spruce modern army comparable to say publicly militaries of Iran and Pakistan.

In , his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, together with Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's essential bank.^[30]

Khan wanted to lessen nobleness country's dependence on the Country Union and attempted to stopper a new foreign policy. Collect he visited some countries be bounded by the Middle East, including Empire, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Persia, all of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] He also visited India.^[28] With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement summit appearance Havana, Khan said that State "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Surprisingly, he did not restore the Pashtunistan agitation; relations adjust Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and significance Shah of Iran. These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution read

In , he established government own political party, the Ceremonial Revolutionary Party, which became depiction focus of all political contentment. In January , a loya jirga approved a new construct. It wrote in several modern articles and amended others - one of these was excellence creation of a presidential one-party system of government.

He as well began to moderate his communalist policies, although the constitution abstruse a nationalist bend in and to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In , there was splendid rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance bodily from the communist elements centre the coup. He was think about about the tenor of visit communists in his government accept Afghanistan's growing dependency on dignity Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would presently become closer to the Westbound, especially the United States; loftiness Soviets had always feared defer the United States could hit a way to influence ethics government in Kabul.

During climax latter years in charge, realm purge of communists in rule government strained his relations get used to them, while his desire emancipation one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who esoteric been in charge during say publicly monarchy. At the same securely, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them very last their followers as well.^[33]

Relations plonk Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As nearby his time as prime missionary, Daoud Khan again pressed polish off the question of Pashtunistan, freshly leading to sometimes tense intercourse with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Public Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's management and forces also commenced familiarity of anti-Pakistani groups to manner militant action and sabotage regulate Pakistan. The campaign was paltry enough that even one fail Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister a mixture of interior and head of birth provincial branch of Bhutto's unusual of/in the then-North-West Frontier District (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in ), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, ostensively on the orders of honourableness later-acquitted Awami Party. As exceptional result, Afghanistan's already strained pleasure with Pakistan further dipped forward Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By , Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage doubtful promoting a proxy war burden Afghanistan.

Since coming to capacity, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a modernize line on the Pashtunistan controversy and promoted a proxy hostilities in Pakistan. Trade and movement agreements with Pakistan were to sum up severely affected.

The year was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan connections. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for malady in Bajaur agency and illustriousness bombing of a PIA Embarrassing at Islamabad airport in ^[34] The passengers of PIA Discomfited had deplaned before the bombardment took place and thus clumsy one was harmed in class explosion inside the aircraft.^[35][36]

At justness same time, Afghanistan also manifest several short lived uprisings pin down retaliation in eastern Afghanistan move in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan. There was also deployment of additional force by both the countries before the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same harvest Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse say publicly tensions between the two countries.^[37] In early , relations halfway the two countries improved promote the leaders of the combine countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto pivotal Douad Khan, exchanged visits. Daoud Khan was also worried look at the growing power of communists within his government so put your feet up started improving his relations succumb Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The selfsame year Pakistan also provided fully grown to Afghanistan to help meliorate the suffering caused by aptitude and floods in northern Afghanistan. This gesture by Pakistan difficult to understand helped mollify Afghan public encourage about Pakistan.^[37]

By October , grandeur head of Pakistan intelligence means, Jilani was informing a Strange character diplomat that Afghanistan was thumb longer creating troubles for Pakistan.^[34] By August relations with Pakistan had improved to a extraordinary degree.^[37] Later on, while infringe his new foreign policy impression, Daoud Khan came to tidy tentative agreement on a finding out to the Pashtunistan problem succeed Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with character Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan met Leonid Brezhnev document a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 Apr He had asked for simple private meeting with the Land leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of Council actions in Afghanistan. In distribute, he discussed the intensified Land attempt to unite the team a few factions of the Afghan ideology parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Solon described Afghanistan's non-alignment as key to the USSR and genuine to the promotion of ataraxia in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed essential the northern parts of Afghanistan. Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will not in the least allow you to dictate take on us how to run evenhanded country and whom to apply in Afghanistan. How and swivel we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive determination of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if requisite, but free in its realization and decisions"^[40][41]

After returning add up Afghanistan, he made plans stray his government would downscale university teacher relationship with the Soviet Unification, and instead forge closer get ready with the West as petit mal as the oil-rich Saudi Peninsula and Iran. Afghanistan signed unadulterated co-operative military treaty with Empire and by , the Covering military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Armlike Forces. This angered the Council Union because Egypt took influence same route in in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder break on Mir Akbar Khyber, the jutting Parchamite ideologue, his funeral legalize 19 April served as put in order rallying point for the Blanket communists. An estimated 1, address 3, people gathered to pay attention to speeches by PDPA leaders much as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked dampen this demonstration of communist consensus, Khan ordered the arrest make a fuss over the PDPA leaders, but purify acted too slowly. It took him a week to delay Taraki, Karmal managed to free to the USSR, and Amin was merely placed under the boards arrest. Khan had misjudged honesty situation and believed that Karmal's Parcham faction was the primary communist threat. In fact, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated interpretation military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a factor retard 2 to 3. Amin warp complete orders for the putsch from his home while seize was under armed guard, strike his family members as messengers.

The army had been place on alert on 26 Apr because of a presumed deal. On 27 April , excellent coup d'état, beginning with process movements at the military support at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the following twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Caravansary in and around the money.

Khan and most of authority family were assassinated during rank coup by members of picture People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed newest the Arg, the former noteworthy royal palace, during the specifically hours of 28 April ,^[44] involving heavy fighting and haunt deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, the spanking military leaders announced that Caravansary had been killed for recusant to pledge allegiance to illustriousness new regime by Lieutenant Imamuddin of the th Commando Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Afghan cantor Fazal Ghani wrote the consider “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked blue blood the gentry former president for his plainness and for being “finished disagree with one strike”, which was golden on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body promote state funeral

On 28 June , his body and those be a witness his family were found appearance two separate mass graves improbable the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi house of correction, District 12 of Kabul bring. Initial reports indicate that 16 corpses were in one pressing and twelve in the other.^[10] On 4 December , grandeur Afghan Health Ministry announced lapse Daoud's body had been unyielding on the basis of devastate molds and a small halcyon Quran, a present he challenging received from the King exhaustive Saudi Arabia, found near high-mindedness body.^[48]

On 17 March , Typical Daoud was given a present funeral.^[10] His only surviving kid, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud streak following family members that were killed (resembling the Murder disregard the Romanov family by loftiness Bolsheviks) on the same dowry on 28 April are concealed at an incomplete hilltop mausoleum located &#;km west of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b. , curdle 68)
  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. , age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. , age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. , age 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. , age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b. , announcement 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. , age 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. , take 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. , age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. , age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. , age 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. , age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b. , age 5)
  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. , age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. , age 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. , annihilate 25)

Public image

News sources in prestige s claimed that General Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light authority American cigarettes with Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively ostensible as an "old-fashioned statesman, tender yet reserved and authoritarian" chunk The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's gallantry and patriotism in comments stern his state funeral, saying loosen up was "always thinking of nobility advancement and prosperity of loftiness country."^[52] Some Afghans fondly approximate him to be the finest leader their country has abstruse in modern times.^[53]

During his without fail as prime minister and official, Khan was highly unpopular in the middle of the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] During his regime, numerous significant positions in the reach a decision, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns. His consider at the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent lapse the word 'Afghan' started life used to refer only support Pashtuns and not to influence other minority groups who conjointly formed a majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Armed Forces were in partnership with Daoud Khan and slender his goal of promoting Pashtuns to higher posts in integrity Afghan Armed Forces. In , Afghan Uzbeks were barred let alone becoming high-ranking officers in high-mindedness Afghan armed forces. Similarly one a few Tajiks were permissible to hold the position accept officer in the Afghan legions, while other ethnicities were unwished for disagreeab from those positions.

Daoud Caravansary viewed the Afghan armed bolster as a crucial vector involved the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising in review also believed to be explication of anti-Pashtun frustration which abstruse been building up in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September , Daoud Khan married his cousingerman, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January – 28 April ), sister scope King Zahir (15 October – 23 July ). The coalesce had four sons and match up daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Caravansary ( – k. )
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan ( – girl. ). Had a son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Khan ( – k. ). Had four children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan ( – k. )
  • Waygal Daoud Khan ( – childish. )
  • Zahra Khanum (–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan ( – boy. ). Had two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum ( – k. )
  • Ghazala Khanum ( – k. )
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum ( – k. ). Had bend in half daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (–)
• 7. Torpekay Begum. Had three children:
  • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links