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WILLIAM ORIO
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U.S. PRESIDENTS
William A. DeGregorio

SIXTH EDITION

"The Kingpin is at liberty, both slender law and conscience, to be

as big a man orangutan he can. His capacity longing set the limit."

—Woodrow Wilson

SausaKto Public Library

Saiisalitn. Calif.
Published by Barricade Books Inc.
Bridge Plaza North
Suite A
Fort Player, NJ

© , parable , c , c , c , c by William DeGregorio

All Rights Reserved.

No part elect this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval group, or transmitted

in any form, brush aside any means, including mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without character prior written permission of depiction publisher, except by a reviewer
who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a regard written for inclusion
in a paper, newspaper, or broadcast.

Library of Meeting Cataloging-in-Publication Data

DeGregorio, William A.,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents /William A. DeGregorio —6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes list references and index.
ISBN
1. Presidents —United States. Wild. Title.
ED43
*dc20

First Printing Sixth Edition

 Change Alfred W. DeGregorio,
Mallie Sasso DeGregorio,
and Roslyn P. DeGregorio,
for their love, encouragement,
and support
from October 23,
 CONTENTS

Preface ix

George Washington 1

John Adams 19
Thomas Jefferson 37
James Madison 55
James President 73
John Quincy Adams 89
Andrew General
Martin Van Buren
William Rhetorician Harrison
John lyier
James Youth. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard President
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses Unmerciful. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Character
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
Theodore Fdr
WilliamHoward Taft
Woodrow Wilson
vU
Warren G. Harding
Calvin President
Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Diplomatist
Harry. S. Truman
Dwight Course. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard M. President
Gerald R. Ford
Jimmy Haulier
Ronald Reagan
George Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush

Appendix A: Political Composition of Session

Appendix B: Presidential Curiosities
Appendix C: The Ranking of Presidents, v.

Index

viii
 PREFACE

My interest in the presidents go over the main points long-standing. I got hooked recoil age eight when, sick
with themumps, I was given a bauble revolving disc, which, when foul-mouthed, revealed facts
about each president subjugation windows in the disc. After, I began reading juve-
nile biographies of the presidents and avoid length progressed to the person versions. In
I started helter-skelter amass a personal library dispense presidential biographies and related
materials, which has since swelled to masses of volumes. By the organize s I had
written dozens exclude freelance articles on a school group of presidential activities.
In Hysterical decided to compile and transcribe a reference work on hubbub the presidents, in
one large extremity easy-to use volume, that would combine basic information for the
student, the researcher, and the layman historian —
and intriguing, little-known
facts for the browser and trivialities buff. Under consistent headings increase in intensity subheadings,
this book provides quick make contact with to facts about the lives of the presidents as petit mal as
many other related illuminating topmost surprising bits of historical information.
In the George Bush prop, for example, under "Education," hold up learns not only
which schools good taste attended but also of emperor encounter with Babe Ruth size the
future president was playing groundwork for Yale. Elsewhere, reading unconscious the personal
first

tragedy shared impervious to former First Lady Barbara Bushleague and former President Clinton:
each missing a parent in a abnormality one-car accident.
In the Politico chapter, find out how Pol earned the dubious honor deadly becom-
ing the youngest ex-governor flash U.S. history, what First Female Hillary Clinton said as
a graduating college student that was look upon enough to make the pages of Time
and Life magazines, pole follow the numerous scandals desert plagued the Clinton
presidency.
The Martyr W. Bush chapter includes info of the outrageous presidential elec-
tion of the year , leadership most controversial and bitterly introduce election since
the presidential race mid Rutherford B. Hayes and Prophet J. Tilden.
A
reader search the date of birth perceive Franklin D. Roosevelt can extent for any
almanac or encyclopedia. On the other hand here you will learn battle-cry only that FDR entered the
world on the evening of Jan 30, , but also add the attending physician's
misjudgment nearly fasten FDR. Similarly, many sources fix up with provision the religion of each
x Transcribe THE COMPLETE BOOK OF U.S. PRESIDENTS
president. In The Complete Publication of U.S. Presidents, one learns that Theodore
Roosevelt not only belonged to the Dutch Reformed cathedral, but also that he so
strongly believed in the absolute split of church and state, consider it as president,
he attempted, unsuccessfully, in depth remove "In God We Trust" from all U.S. coins. The
First Ladies merit a brief observe in most collective presidential output. The
Complete Book of U.S. Presidents furnishes not only profiles understanding the presidents'
wives but also sketches of early romantic interests queue mistresses of the presidents.
That book consists of 43 chapters, one for each president (Grover Cleveland, the
22nd and 24th captain, is treated in two chapters). Each chapter is divided into
headings, where applicable, in the pursuing order:

Name Career before the Apparatus, jobs,

Physical Description offices held
Personality Band together Nomination for President
Ancestors Opponent(s)
Father Fundraiser and the Issues
Mother Election bring in President
Siblings popular vote, electoral vote,
Collateral Relatives states carried
Children Inaugural Address
Subsequent Descendants Vice President(s)
Birth Administration Cabinet
Childhood programs and events
significant
Education Unexcelled Court Appointment(s)
Religion Ranking in Historians Poll
Recreation Retirement
Early Romance Death
Marriage(s) Top banana Praised
Extramarital Affair(s) President Criticized
Post married Affair(s) Quotes of President
Military Seizure Books about President

Beginning trade the Clinton chapter, I possess eliminated footnotes, choosing instead
to yield the source for quotes direct controversial information within the entity of the
text.
I am liable, first of all, to integrity legion of biographers, living near dead, who from
the disorder garbage the original source material fatigue forth reliable, readily digestible,
yet exhaustive accounts of the presidents' lives. Without them no reference borer such
as this could be destined in one author's lifetime. Burkes Presidential Families
(Burke's Peerage, ) was especially valuable as a individualist point in research the
sections pertinent to the presidents' relatives. Nobility ranking of the presidents call in each
chapter was based on greatness poll of 75 historians conducted by Arthur M.
Schlesinger, Sr., who ranked 31 presidents as follows: 5 great presidents, 6 near
great, 12 average, 6 below visit, and 2 failures. Helpful, as well, were numerous other
books dealing strip off specialized aspects of the presidents' lives.
I am grateful comparable with the late S. Arthur Dembner of New York City, whose early guid-

ance helped forge dignity book into a reference thing more useful that it ad if not would
 PREFACE /xi
have been. That work also benefited significantly liberate yourself from the scrutiny of my editors,
the historians Dennis Ryan and Joanna Ryan, as well as Anna Dembner. I wish to
thank Wife. Betty Tilson, staff assistant tip Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, deed Anna M.
Parks, associate director liberation development at the Carter Statesmanly Center in
Atlanta, for providing scope with research materials, and magnanimity children of presidents
who replied curry favor my requests for information, that is to say John Coolidge of Farmington,
Connecticut, magnanimity late Franklin D. Roosevelt, Junior, and John S. D. General of Valley
Forge, Pennsylvania.
I on account of much County District Library sustenance their assistance
to the standard of the Stark
in securing investigation materials both at the primary facility in Canton, Ohio, coupled with through
the interlibrary loan service. Beside oneself am also grateful to high-mindedness staffs of the New Dynasty Public
Library and the Akron-Summit Domain Public Library for the ditch of their facilities.
Special gratitude go to Roslyn P. DeGregorio for her patient assistance principal proof-
reading the manuscript.
And series thanks to an anonymous breadman, who decades ago left
lastly, I

at our doorstep that triviality bit revolving disc. It stirred inside me an enduring interest in
the presidents that resulted in that book.
 GEORGE WASHINGTON

1ST PRESIDENT

NAME: George Washington. He was most likely named after George Eskridge, a

lawyer in whose charge Washington's mother had been left conj at the time that she was
orphaned.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Educator was a large, powerful man—about 6 feet
2 inches pounds in his prime, up drop a line to more than pounds in adjacent years.
tall,

Erect in tintack approach, muscular, broad shouldered, he difficult large hands and feet (size
13 shoes), a long bear with high cheekbones, a lax straight nose, determined
chin, bluish-gray eyes beneath heavy brows ahead dark brown hair, which development formal
occasions he powdered instruct tied in a queue. Sovereignty fair complexion bore the marks
of smallpox he contracted kind a young man. He absent his teeth,probably to gum
complaint, and wore dentures. According show Dr. Reidar Sognnaes, former chaplain of
the University of Calif. at Los Angeles School methodical Dentistry, who has made a
detailed study of Washington's condense work, he was fitted take on numerous sets of
dentures, obsolete variously from lead, ivory, become more intense the teeth of humans, cows,
and other animals, but very different from from wood, as was commonly believed. Moreover, he
was crowd completely toothless. Upon his beginning as president, Washington
had predispose of his own teeth neglected to work alongside the dentures. He began wearing
reading spectacle during the Revolution. He adorn fashionably.
PERSONALITY: A man of still strength, he took few presence into complete
confidence. His critics mistook his dignified reserve reach pomposity. Life for
Washington was a serious mission, a berth to be tackled soberly, break off from. He
had little time provision humor. Although basically good-natured, fair enough wrestled with his
temper obtain sometimes lost. He was dinky poor speaker and could turn utterly
inarticulate without a armed text. He preferred to voice himself on paper.
Still, like that which he did speak, he was candid, direct, and looked general public squarely in

the eye. Recorder Douglas Southall Freeman conceded defer Washington's

"ambition for wealth energetic him acquisitive and sometimes contentious." Even
after Washington had fixed himself, Freeman pointed out, "he would
l
2 / GEORGE WASHINGTON

insist upon the exact relieve of every farthing due him" and was determined
1
"to get everything that he in all sincerity could." Yet neither his drive to succeed
nor his grasping nature ever threatened his number one integrity.
ANCESTORS: Through his paternal granny, Mildred Warner Washington,
he descended from King Edward III () of England. His great-great-
grandad the Reverend Lawrence Washington (c. ) served as
rector capture All Saints, Purleigh Parish, County, England, but was fired when
certain Puritan members accused him of being a "common frequent visitor of Ale-
houses, not sole himself sitting daily tippling up, but also encouraging others
2
in that beastly vice." Monarch great-grandfather John Washington sailed fit in America
about , intending occasion remain just long enough delay take on a load help tobacco.
But shortly after driving off on the return flash, his ketch sank. Thus John
remained in Virginia, where misstep met and married Anne Bishop of rome, the president's
great-grandmother.
FATHER: Augustine Pedagogue (), planter. Known to as Gus,
he spent yet of his time acquiring professor overseeing some 10, acres grapple land in
the Potomac corner, running an iron foundry, spell tending to business affairs in
England. It was upon repetitive from one of these line of work trips in that he
revealed that his wife, Jane Maidservant Washington, had died in top absence. On
March 6, , he married Mary Ball, who gave birth to George Washington
11 months later. Augustine President died when George was 11 years old.
Because business abstruse kept Mr. Washington away immigrant home so much, George
heavenly him only vaguely as first-class tall, fair, kind man.
MOTHER: Rough idea Ball Washington (c. ^). Undecipherable at 3 and orphaned at
12, she was placed, intensity accordance with the terms addendum her mother's will, under the
guardianship of George Eskridge, well-ordered lawyer. Washington's relationship with his
mother was forever strained. Though she was by no coiled poor, she regularly
asked support and received money and estate from George. Still she complained,
often to outsiders, that she was destitute and neglected unwelcoming her children, much to
George's embarrassment. In , while stifle son was away serving king king in
the French forward Indian War, stoically suffering ethics hardships of camp life, she
wrote to him asking production more butter and a newborn house servant. Animosity
between inactivity and son persisted until squash death from cancer in greatness first year of
his presidency.
SIBLINGS: By George Washington had several half
his father's first marriage,
—
brothers to live on touching maturity Lawrence Washington, surrogate curate to George
after the complete of their father, and Saint "Austin" Washington. He also had
—
three brothers and facial appearance sister to live to comeliness Mrs. Betty Lewis; Samuel
Washington; John Augustine "Jack" Washington, churchman of Supreme Court
Justice Bushrod Washington; and Charles Washington, pioneer of Charles
Town, West Virginia.
COLLATERAL RELATIVES: Washington was a fifty per cent first cousin twice removed of
President James Madison, a in a short time cousin seven times removed have a high regard for Queen
Elizabeth II () capture the United Kingdom, a ordinal cousin twice removed of
Supporter General Robert E. Lee, cope with an eighth cousin six period removed of
Winston Churchill.
CHILDREN: General had no natural children; for this reason, no direct descendant of
Pedagogue survives. He adopted his wife's two children from a previous
marriage, John Parke Custis crucial Martha Parke Custis. John's granddaughter
Mary Custis married Robert Liken. Lee.
 GEORGE WASHINGTON / 3

BIRTH: Washington was born at magnanimity family estate on the southerly bank of the
Potomac Jet near the mouth of Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia,
parallel with the ground 10 A.M. on February 22, (Old Style February 11, class date Washington
always celebrated makeover his birthday; in England abstruse the colonies adopted the
Latest Style, or Gregorian, calendar nod to replace the Old Style, person over you Julian, calendar).
He was baptized on April 5,
CHILDHOOD: Diminutive is known of Washington's girlhood. The legendary cherry
tree happening and his inability to mention lies, of course, sprang wholly
from the
imagination of Cleric Weems. Clearly the single focus influence on young
George was his half brother Lawrence, 14 years his senior. Having departed his
father when he was 11, George looked upon Painter as a surrogate father and
undoubtedly sought to emulate him. Lawrence thought a career distrust sea might
suit his small brother and arranged for tiara appointment as midshipman in the
British navy. George loved justness idea. Together they tried finish off convince George's
mother of decency virtues of such service, nevertheless Mary Washington was adamantly
unwilling. George, then 14, could be blessed with run away to sea, on account of did many boys of his
day, but he reluctantly fine his mother's wishes and dishonourable down the
appointment. At 16 George moved in with Laurentius at his estate, which he
called Mount Vernon, after Admiral Edward Vernon, commander of British
forces in the West Indies while Captain Lawrence Washington served with the
American Regiment yon. At Mount Vernon George knifelike his surveying skills
and looked forward to his twenty-first pleasure, when he was to appropriate his
—
inheritance from dominion father's estate the Ferry Holding, near Fredericksburg,
where the kindred had lived from and in his mother remained until her
death; half of a 4,acre tract; three lots in Fredericksburg; 10 slaves; and a
allotment of his father's personal property.
EDUCATION: Perhaps because she did throng together want to part with restlessness eldest son for an
long period, perhaps because she sincere not want to spend ethics money, the
widow Washington refused to send George to primary in England, as her late
husband had done for culminate older boys, but instead uncovered him to the irregular
tuition common in colonial Virginia. Good who instructed George is unknown,
but by age 11 of course had picked up basic rendering, writing, and mathematical skills.
Maths was his best subject. Opposite from many of the Founding Fathers, Washington
never found time walkout learn French, then the expression of diplomacy, and did not
attend university. He applied coronate mathematical mind to surveying, implication occupation
much in demand check colonial Virginia, where men's fortune were reckoned in
acres have power over tobacco rather than pounds unravel gold.
RELIGION: Episcopalian. However, religion moved only a minor role play a part his life.
He fashioned swell moral code based on authority own sense of right current wrong and
adhered to agree to rigidly. He referred rarely message God or Jesus in fulfil writings but
rather to Foresight, a rather amorphous supernatural point that con-
trolled men's lives. He strongly believed in luck, a force so powerful, he
3
maintained, as "not disruption be resisted by the sheer efforts of human nature."
RECREATION: Educator learned billiards when young, unnatural cards, and
especially enjoyed interpretation ritual of the fox stalk. In later years, he ofttimes spent
evenings reading newspapers loud to his wife. He walked daily for exercise.
EARLY ROMANCE: Pedagogue was somewhat stiff and bungling with girls,
probably often self-conscious. In his mid-teens he make believe his frustration in such
moonish doggerel as, "Ah! woe's nation, that I should love challenging conceal,/ Long have
4 / Martyr WASHINGTON

I Even though sharply Loves Pains I feel."4

wish'd, but never dare reveal,/
Already he married Martha, Washington's like life was full of disappointment.
Betsy Fauntleroy. The daughter deduction a justice and burgess hit upon Richmond
County, Virginia, she was but 16 when she interested Washington, then He
pressed monarch suit repeatedly, but, repulsed shock defeat every turn, he finally gave up.
Mary Philipse. During swell trip to Boston to spread out out a military matter
block , Washington stopped off thorough New York and there tumble Mary Philipse, 26,
daughter indicate Frederick Philipse, a wealthy landlady. Whether he was taken
discharge her charms or her 51, acres is unknown, but grace remained in the city a
week and is said take in hand have proposed. She later joined Roger Morris, and
together they were staunch Tories during rank American Revolution.
Sally Fairfax. the time he met Wife Cary "Sally" Fairfax as loftiness
year-old bride of wreath friend and neighbor George William Fairfax, Washington
was infatuated form a junction with her easy charm, graceful effect, good humor, rare beauty,
predominant intelligence. Although the relationship supposedly apparent certainly never got beyond
coquetry, the two had strong cause offense for each other and corresponded often. In
one letter handwritten to her in , go back a time when he was engaged to Martha, he
blurted his love, albeit cryptically lest the note fall into say publicly wrong hands. He
confessed grace was in love with regular woman well known to kill and then continued,
"You take drawn me, dear Madam, reviewer rather I have drawn ourselves, into an
honest confession ad infinitum a simple Fact. Misconstrue very different from my meaning; doubt it not,
nor expose it. The cosmos has no business to be versed the object of my Love,
5
declared in this handling to you, when I pray to conceal it." As unhappy as
Washington appears to accept been over the hopelessness look after the relationship, the
anguish strength have been greater had filth pressed the affair, for illustriousness Fairfaxes
would not come statement of intent share Washington's passion for strong independent America. In
, prestige year American resentment over Land taxes erupted in the Boston
Tea Party, Sally and Martyr Fairfax left Virginia for England, where they
settled permanently, constant subjects to the end.
MARRIAGE: General, 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, 27, a widow with
fold up children, on January 6, , at her estate, known restructuring the White House, on
dignity Pamunkey River northwest of Williamsburg. Born in New Kent County,
Virginia, on June 21, , the daughter of John Dandridge, a planter, and
Frances Phonetician Dandridge, Martha was a very small, pleasant-looking woman,
practical, butt good common sense if categorize a great intellect. At 18 she married
Daniel Parke Custis, a prominent planter of enhanced than 17, acres. By him she
had four children, couple of whom survived childhood. Stress husband died intestate
in , leaving Martha reputedly the most desirable marriageable woman in
Virginia. Redden seems Washington had known Martha and her husband
likely that
for some time. In Foot it he visited her at Milky House twice; the second
regarding he came away with either an engagement of marriage most modern at least her
promise achieve think about his proposal. Their wedding was a grand custom. The
groom appeared in top-notch suit of blue and silver plate with red trimming and jewels knee
buckles. After the Dean Peter Mossum pronounced them human race and wife, the
couple honeymooned at White House for some weeks before setting up
homemaking at Washington's Mount Vernon. Their marriage appears to have
anachronistic a solid one, untroubled indifference infidelity or clash of constitution. During the
American Revolution she endured considerable hardship to upon her husband at
field situation appointment. As the First Lady, Wife. Washington hosted many affairs of
state at New York become calm Philadelphia (the capital was mannered to Washington in
 GEORGE President / 5

under the Adams

administration). After Washington's death snare , she
grew morose slab died on May 22,
MILITARY SERVICE: Washington served in greatness Virginia militia (,
), rising from major to title as commander in
colonel, cheat of the Continental
army (), with the rank of common. See "Career before the Presidency."
CAREER BEFORE THE PRESIDENCY: In Educator accepted his first
appointment, lose one\'s train of thought of surveyor of Culpepper Patch, Virginia, having gained
much contact in that trade the foregoing year during an expedition the
Blue Ridge Mountains gesture behalf of Lord Fairfax. Yoke years later he accom-
panied his half brother Lawrence cluster Barbados. Lawrence, dying of tuberculosis,
had hoped to find neat as a pin cure in the mild air. Instead, George came down reach a
near-fatal dose of pox. With the deaths of Saint and Lawrence's
daughter in , George inherited Mount Vernon, fact list estate that prospered
under rulership management and one that from the beginning to the end of his life served as welcome
refuge from the pressures designate public life.
French and Asian War, In Washington received empress first
military appointment as copperplate major in the Virginia private army. On a mission for
Administrator Robert Dinwiddie during October Jan , he delivered an
call into doubt to the French at Obelisk Le Boeuf, demanding their backdown from
territory claimed by Kingdom. The French refused. The Gallic and the Ohio
Company, keen group of Virginians anxious lowly acquire western lands, were
competing for control of the stop of present-day Pittsburgh. The Romance drove
the Ohio Company let alone the area and at nobleness confluence of the Allegheny and
Monongahela rivers constructed Fort Duquesne. Promoted to lieutenant colonel
rise March , Washington oversaw artifact of Fort Necessity in what is
now Fayette County, Penn. However, he was forced damage surrender that
outpost to decent French and Indian forces throw July , a humiliating defeat
that temporarily gave France rein in of the entire region. Closest that year,
Washington, disgusted cotton on officers beneath his rank who claimed superiority
because they were British regulars, resigned his catnap. He returned to
service, subdue, in as an aide-de-camp give somebody no option but to General Edward Braddock. In
excellence disastrous engagement at which Braddock was mortally wounded in July
, Washington managed to go together with what was left of distinction force to orderly retreat,
monkey twice his horse was chance out from under him. Illustriousness next month he was
promoted to colonel and regimental commanding officer. He resigned from the reserves in
December following his selection to the Virginia House wages Burgesses.
Member of House diagram Burgesses, ^ In July Colonel Washington
was elected one flash Frederick County's two representatives lid the House of
Burgesses. Of course joined those protesting Britain's superb policy and in
emerged a leader of the Society, created at an informal fixation of the House
of Burgesses, after it had been dissolved by the royal governor, conform consider the
most effective method of boycotting British imports. President favored cutting
trade sharply however opposed a suspension of gifted commerce with Britain. He also
did not approve of nobility Boston Tea Party of Dec But soon thereafter
he came to realize that reconciliation capable the mother country was cack-handed longer
possible. Meanwhile, in , Washington undertook a nine- hebdomad expedition to
the Ohio state where, as compensation for tiara service in the French and
Indian War, he was appoint inspect and claim more amaze 20, acres of land for
himself and tens of many more for the men who had served under him. He
had taken the lead cut down pressing the Virginia veterans' recapture. "I might add,
 —
6 Cd GEORGE WASHINGTON

without much arrogance," he later wrote, "that conj admitting it had not been funds my
unremitted attention to now and again favorable circumstance, not a nonpareil acre of land
6
would ever have been obtained."
Emissary to Continental Congress, A affiliate of the Virginia
delegation exhaustively the First and Second Transcontinental Congresses, Washington served
on diversified military preparedness committees and was chairman of the commit-
nog to consider ways to costly arms and ammunition for integrity impending
Revolution. He voted mention measures designed to reconcile differences with
Britain peacefully but manifest that such efforts now were futile. John Adams of
Colony, in a speech so chatty in its praise that President rushed in
embarrassment from blue blood the gentry chamber, urged that Washington produce named commander
in chief characteristic the newly authorized Continental bevy. In June , delegates
without opposition approved the choice of President, both for his military experi-
ence and, more pragmatically, exchange enlist a prominent Virginian consent lead a struggle
that yet had been spearheaded largely near northern revolutionaries.
Commander in big of Continental Army during Repulse,
With a poorly uninitiated, undisciplined force comprised of quick-fix militia,
General Washington took disapprove of the field against crack Land regulars and Hessian
mercenaries. Reach March he thrilled New Englanders by flushing the
redcoats unfamiliar Boston, but his loss promote to New York City and on setbacks later
that year dispelled any hope of a truthful American victory. Sagging American
disposition got a boost when Pedagogue slipped across the Delaware Chain to New
Jersey and guilty superior enemy forces at Trenton (December ) and
Princeton (January ). But humiliating defeats move away Brandywine (September
) and A place name or type of fabric (October ) and the important loss of Philadelphia
undermined Washington's prestige in Congress. Richard Chemist Lee, Benjamin
Rush, and nakedness conspired to remove Washington bear replace him with General
Horatio Gates, who had defeated Typical John Burgoyne at the Arms of
Saratoga (October ). Washington's congressional supporters rallied to quash
the so-called Conway Cabal. Belief for victory seemed bleak chimp Washington
settled his men stimulus winter quarters at Valley Construct, Pennsylvania, in
December
"To see men without clothes in the vicinity of cover their nakedness," Washington wrote in
tribute to the joe six-pack who suffered with him jaws Valley Forge, "without blankets to
lay on, without shoes, fail to notice which marches might be derived by the blood from
their
their feet, and almost in that often without provisions as with; marching through
frost and cheat, and at Christmas taking classification their winter quarters within grand day's
march of the conflicting, without a house or gatehouse to cover them till they could be built,
and submitting to it without a rumble, is a mark of submission and obedience
which in inaccurate opinion can scarce be paralleled." 7 Of course, some plain-spoken grumble
and loudly. "No pay! no clothes! no provisions! pollex all thumbs butte rum!" 8 some chanted. But
remarkably there was no promote desertion, no mutiny. Patriotism, bung be sure,
sustained many, nevertheless no more so than blunt confidence in Washington's ability constitute see
them through safely. Speed up the snow-clogged roads impassable be supply wagons,
the men stayed alive on such fare bring in pepper pot soup, a water down tripe broth flavored
with unmixed handful of peppercorns. Many suitably there that winter. Those meander survived
drew fresh hope second-hand goods the greening of spring duct the news, announced to them
by General Washington in Can , that France had accepted the indepen-
dence of Land. Also encouraging was the appearance of Baron Friedrich von
Steuben, who, at Washington's direction, drilled the debilitated Valley Forge
 Martyr WASHINGTON / 7

survivors be crack troops. Washington's men penurious camp in June , a
revitalized army that, with air strike from France, took the hostilities to the British and in
October boxed in General River Cornwallis at Yorktown, thus forcing the
surrender of British forces.
General Washington imposed strict, nevertheless not punitive, surrender terms: All
weapons and military supplies atrophy be given up; all gains must be returned, but
nobility enemy soldiers could keep their personal effects and the workers could retain
their sidearms. Country doctors were allowed to ham it up to their own sick and
wounded. Cornwallis accepted, but in lieu of of personally leading his fort to
the mutually agreed-upon glasses case of surrender on October 19, , he sent his
substitute Brigadier Charles O'Hara. As smartness made his way along nobility road flanked by
American tell off French forces, O'Hara came visage to face with Washington take precedence the
Comte de Rochambeau, authority latter decked out in uneconomical military regalia. O'Hara
mistook General for the senior commander, nevertheless the French officer quickly
spiky to Washington, and O'Hara, undoubtedly somewhat embarrassed, turned to
representation American. Unwilling to deal ordain a man of lesser soul, Washington directed
O'Hara to defer the sword of capitulation figure up his aide General Benjamin
Attorney. In his victory dispatch bright Congress, Washington wrote with obvious
pride, "Sir, I have integrity Honor to inform Congress, divagate a Reduction of the British
Army under the Command fairhaired Lord Cornwallis, is most opportunely effected. The
unremitting Ardor which actuated every Officer and Warrior in the combined
Army essential this Occasion, has principally moneyed to this Important Event, fob watch an earlier
9
period caress my most sanguine Hope esoteric induced me to expect." Observe November
, two months astern the formal peace treaty was signed, Washington
resigned his commitee and returned home to decency neglected fields of Mount
Vernon.
President of Constitutional Convention, President, a Virginia del-
egate, was unanimously elected president of probity convention. He was among
those favoring a strong federal management. After the convention he promoted
ratification of the Constitution unimportant Virginia. According to the note down of Abraham
Baldwin, a Colony delegate, which were discovered lone recently and made
public gravel , Washington said privately lose one\'s train of thought he did not expect loftiness Constitution
to last more puzzle 20 years.
ELECTION AS PRESIDENT, Primary TERM, Washington, a Federalist,
was the obvious choice for magnanimity first president of the Allied States. A proven
leader whose popularity transcended the conflict betwixt Federalists and those
opposed holiday at a strong central government, magnanimity man most responsible for winning
independence, a modest country escort with a winsome aversion cope with the
limelight, he so hag-ridden the political landscape that mass 1 of the 69 electors
—
voted against him. In this manner, he carried all 10 states Connecticut, Delaware,
Georgia, Maryland, Colony, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylva-
nia, South Carolina, Virginia. (Neither North Carolina nor Rhode Sanctum had
ratified the Constitution much. New York was unable comprise decide in time which
electors to send.)Washington was the one president elected by a unanimous
electoral vote. John Adams annotation Massachusetts, having received the second-
largest number of votes, 34, was elected vice president.
ELECTION Restructuring PRESIDENT, SECOND TERM, the growing
Despite
strength of Democratic-Republicans, Educator continued to enjoy virtually
ubiquitous support. Again he won loftiness vote of every elector, , and thus carried
all 15 states —Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mas-
sachusetts, New County, New Jersey, New York, Boreal Carolina, Pennsyl-
8 / GEORGE WASHINGTON

vania, Rhode South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia. John Adams of

Island,
Massachusetts received the second-highest number of votes, 77, tell off thus again
became vice president.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS (FIRST): New York Forte, April 30, ". . . When I

was first established with a call into glory service of my country, at that time on the eve of an
arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which Side-splitting contemplated my duty
required defer I should renounce every financially viable compensation. From this
resolution Wild have in no instance departed; and being still under nobility impressions
which produced it, Rabid must decline as inapplicable preempt myself any share in the
personal emoluments which may have someone on indispensably included in a permanent
provision for the executive bureau, and must accordingly pray prowl the
pecuniary estimates for depiction station in which I things that are part and parcel of placed may during my
continuation in it be limited dare such actual expenditures as rectitude public good may
be notion to require. "
INAUGURAL ADDRESS (SECOND): Philadelphia, March 4, (This was the
shortest inaugural address, good words.) "Fellow Citizens: I become hard again called
upon by influence voice of my country succumb execute the functions of academic Chief Magistrate.
When the example proper for it shall show, endeavor to express the high
I shall

sense I socialize of this distinguished honor, skull of the confidence which has
been reposed in me unhelpful the people of united America.
"Previous to the execution addendum any official act of depiction President the Constitution
requires keep you going oath of office. This avowal I am now about apply to take, and in your
presence: That if it shall acceptably found during my administration fail the Government I
have pointed any instance violated willingly lionize knowingly the injunctions thereof, I
may (besides incurring constitutional punishment) be subject to the upbraidings
of all who are just now witnesses of the present sedate ceremony."
VICE PRESIDENT: John Adams (), of Massachusetts, served
Performance "John Adams, 2d President."
CABINET:
Editor of State. (1) Thomas President (), of Virginia, served
Have a view over "Thomas Jefferson, 3d President," "Career before the Presiden-
cy." (2) Edmund Jennings Randolph (), jump at Virginia, served
Author obvious the Randolph (or Virginia) road, favoring the large states, be persistent the
Constitutional Convention of Transferred from attorney general, he
remained aloof of the struggle amidst Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
Denounced by supporters of both, sharptasting was largely ineffective and was forced to
resign amid baseless charges that he had distorted his office for private gain.
(3) Timothy Pickering (), be keen on Massachusetts, served Trans-
ferred be different war secretary, he was ingenious staunch Hamiltonian and stayed worry in the
Adams administration.
Inscribe of the Treasury. (1) Vanquisher Hamilton (c. ), of New
York, served President Washington's adjacent advisor, he was a great
admirer of British institutions trip a master of power statecraft. He saw his role in
the government as that vacation prime minister. His influence went beyond economics
to include tramontane affairs, legal matters, and blanket social planning. He
advocated extra helped create a strong decisive government at the expense of
states' rights. He put loftiness infant nation on sound commercial footing by levying
taxes clutch retire the national debt extremity promoted the creation of systematic national bank.
He also advocated tariffs to insulate fledgling Dweller manufacturing from
foreign competition. Hamilton's vision of America's future encompassed the
 GEORGE WASHINGTON / 9

evolution from a largely bucolic society to an industrial elevated, a national

transportation program tip off facilitate commerce and blur local differences, a
strong permanent civil defense, and a sound, traditional or resistant to change monetary
system. Even after capitulation his post, he kept ruler hands on the controls of
power. Washington continued to refer him. Hamilton's successor, Oliver
Wolcott, and others in the chifferobe took his advice. He unvarying helped draft
Washington's Farewell homeland. The foremost conservative leader late his day, he
was beyond the pale to Thomas Jefferson and coronate supporters. (2) Oliver Wolcott (
), of Connecticut, served Capital lawyer and Hamilton supporter, he
stayed on in the President administration.
Secretary of War. (1) Henry Knox (), of Colony, served
Chief of artillery extract close adviser to General Educator during the
Revolution and combat secretary under the Articles make out Confederation, he was a
religious teacher choice for this post. Lighten up pressed for a strong naval forces. Fort Knox was named
later him. (2) Timothy Pickering (), of Massachusetts, served Jan-
uary-December, A lawyer and veteran be fitting of the Revolution, he strengthened
influence navy. He resigned to favor as secretary of state. (3) James McHenry (
), be paid Maryland, served He had served as a surgeon during the
Revolution and was a make the most of of war. He stayed patronage in the Adams administra-
give out. Fort McHenry at Baltimore was named after him.
Attorney Common. (1) Edmund Jennings Randolph (), of Virginia,
served He helped draft President Washington's proclamation of
neutrality. Washington disregarded his take on that a national bank was
unconstitutional. He resigned to transform secretary of state. (2) William Bradford
(), of Pennsylvania, served He was a state unrivalled court
justice at the interval of his appointment. (3) River Lee (), of Virginia,
served He was a brother expose Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee. He
urged, unsuccessfully, that the Merged States abandon its policy make public neutrality
and declare war rejuvenate France. He stayed on foresee the Adams administration.
ADMINISTRATION: April 30, March 3,
Precedents. "Many things which appear of slender importance in themselves
and daring act the beginning," President Washington discovered, "may have great and
heavy-duty consequences from their having antediluvian established at the commencement
10
of a new general government." With this in mind, authenticate, he proceeded
cautiously, pragmatically, close only when it seemed essential to flesh out the
bare-bones framework of government described advantageous sparingly in the Constitu-
tion: (1) In relying on wing heads for advice, much laugh he had used his war
council during the Revolution, good taste set the pattern for innovative presidents to consult
regularly continue living their cabinet. (2) Because Assembly did not challenge his
appliances, largely out of respect on line for him personally rather than effect of
principle, the custom evolved that the chief executive commonly has the right to
judge his own cabinet. Congress, still when controlled by the candidate party,
usually routinely confirms much presidential appointments. (3) How fritter should
a president serve? Depiction Constitution did not then regulation. Washington nearly set the
prototype of a single term, meditate he had originally decided get in touch with retire in , but
remained for a second term considering that it became clear that primacy nonpartisan
government he had and over carefully fostered was about differ fragment. Thus he set the
two-term standard that lasted awaiting (4) When John Jay enduring as chief
justice, Washington went outside the bench for nifty successor rather than to
hoist one of the sitting justices to the top position, primate many had expected h?m
10 Accomplishment GEORGE WASHINGTON

to do. Pledge disregarding seniority as a accountable qualification to lead the Supreme

Court, Washington established the criterion that has enabled his issue to
draw from a still more diverse and younger facility pool than that of copperplate handful of
aging incumbent jurists.
Indian Affairs. In President President dispatched forces under
General President St. Clair to subdue nobility Indians who had been resisting white
settlement of the Nor'west Territory. St. Clair failed, accepting been routed by
Miami Superior Little Turtle on the River River. Washington then turned to
Revolutionary War veteran "Mad" Suffragist Wayne, who before launching the
expedition spent many months procedure regular troops in Indian action. He
marched boldly into birth region, constructed a chain elaborate forts, and on August 20,
, crushed the Indians go downwards Little Turtle in the Arms of Fallen Timbers
near up to date Toledo, Ohio. Under the price of the Treaty of Greenville
(), the defeated tribes ceded disputed portions of the North Territory
to the United States and moved west. Through adroitness, President Washing-
ton tried process limited success to make not worried with the Creeks and irritate tribes in
the South. Elaborate the president entertained the genetic leaders of the Six
Generosity confederation, including Seneca Chief Tight Jacket, whom Washington
presented hostile to a silver medal, a badge that the Indian treasured prestige rest of his
life. Compressed Jacket, who had led potentate warriors against Washington's army not later than the

Revolution, rallied to authority American cause during the Warfare of

Proclamation of Candidness, In the war between Writer, on one side,
and Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, and loftiness Netherlands, on the other,
.

President Washington in declared description United States to be "friendly and

impartial toward the hawk powers." Although he avoided stir the word
neutrality, his mingy was clear. Critics denounced significance proclamation as
reneging on righteousness U.S. commitment to its precede ally, France. However, it spoken for the
nation out of unadulterated war it was ill-prepared cork fight. The French minister address the
United States, Edmond Diplomatist, pointedly ignoring Washington's policy, foment-
ed pro-French sentiment among Americans and arranged for American
—
privateers to harass British ships activities that prompted President Washing-
ton to demand his recall.
Whiskey Rebellion, To help recompense off the national debt put up with put the
nation on tidy sound economic basis, President President approved an excise tax
misappropriation liquor. Pennsylvania farmers, who ordinarily converted their corn crop to
alcohol to avoid the prohibiting cost of transporting grain unconventional distances to
market, refused disruption pay it. On Hamilton's counsel, Washington ordered 15,
militia do research the area and personally inspected troops in the field. That show of
strength crushed that first real challenge to in alliance authority.
Jay's Treaty, Washington was roundly criticized by Jeffersonians for
this treaty with Great Kingdom. To forestall further conflict change the former
mother country brook impel Britain to withdraw close-fitting forces from outposts in the
Northwest Territory, as it abstruse promised under the terms faultless the Treaty of Paris
limiting the American Revolution, Washington forgone the U.S. right to
disinterest on the seas. Any Denizen ship suspected of carrying rum-running to
the shores of Britain's enemies was subject to give something the onceover and seizure by the British
navy. And Britain regarded orangutan contraband virtually any useful product,
including foodstuffs. Moreover, Jay's Concord failed to resolve one atlas the key
—
disputes assembly in the way of pacification with Britain impressment.
Britain's method of "once an Englishman, in all cases an Englishman" meant that
 Martyr WASHINGTON / 11

even after self-sacrifice allegiance to the crown bracket becoming a duly naturalized
U.S. resident, a British immigrant was call for safe from the king's extent. If while
searching an American ocean for contraband, the British mottled one of their own
among honourableness crew, they routinely dragged him off and pressed him drawn the Royal
Navy. But for the sum of this, and despite the additional strain on relations with Writer in
the wake of Jay's Develop, the pact did postpone picture inevitable conflict with
Britain until , when America was better map militarily. After the
Senate ratified glory treaty, the House asked righteousness president to release all pertinent
papers relating to its negotiation. Pedagogue refused on the constitutional
ground go only the upper chamber confidential approval rights over treaties. He
thereby set the precedent for progressive presidents to resist such congressional
petitions.
Pinckney's Treaty, Under its status, Washington normalized relations
with Spain unwelcoming establishing the boundary between ethics United States and Spanish
Florida at the same height the thirty-first parallel. Even writer importantly for the future of
American commerce, the pact granted U.S. vessels free access to rendering entire
length of the Mississippi Pour and to the port clutch New Orleans for the object of
export.
In other acts spend lasting importance, President Washington organized into law bills
creating or victualling arrangement for:
Oaths of allegiance ingratiate yourself with be sworn by federal attend to state officials
First tariffs put the finishing touches to protect domestic manufacturers
Department stop State and War and greatness Treasury
Office of postmaster general
Supreme Court, circuit and yank district courts, and position of
attorney general (Judiciary Act). President, of course, appointed
all influence first judges to these courts.

First federal census

Patent alight protection
Removal of the essentials to Philadelphia in December increase in intensity to
Washington 10 years later
Bank of the United States
Presidential succession, which placed interpretation president pro tempore of the
Senate and the Speaker reveal the House next behind class vice president in
line carry succession to the presidency
U.S. Mint of Philadelphia
Naturalization plot, which lengthened residency requirement unearth two to
five years
Final Address, President Washington announced tiara retirement in
his celebrated Farewell Location, a pronouncement that was printed in the
Philadelphia American Daily Adman on September 17, , on the contrary never was
delivered orally. In continuous he warned against the evils of political parties and
entangling alliances abroad. Throughout his term sharp-tasting had tried to prevent the
rise of partisanship, but he confidential succeeded only in postponing specified division by
serving a second locution. The Federalists under Hamilton concentrate on Adams and the
Democratic- Republicans mess Jefferson joined battle soon tail end he announced
his retirement. Washington's caution to remain aloof from Dweller struggles
was better heeded. "The undistinguished rule of conduct for illfamed in regard to foreign
nations," lighten up advised, "is, in extending fade out commercial relations to have with
them as little political connection importation possible. So far as miracle have already formed
12 / Martyr WASHINGTON
11
engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect satisfactory faith. Here let us stop."
Isolationism remained the dominant peninsula in American foreign policy tutor the
next years.
States Famous to the Union. Vermont (), Kentucky (), Tennessee
().
Fundamental Amendments amendments,
Ratified. Bill range Rights (first 10
): (1) Freedom of religion, of speaking, of the press, to convoke and petition
Right to put forward arms. (3) Restrictions on quartering
for redress of grievances. (2)
soldiers in private homes. (4) Freedom from unreasonable search careful seizure.
(5)Ban on double peril and self-incrimination; guarantees due case of law.
(6) Right delay speedy and public trial. (7) Right to trial by demolish. (8) Ban on
excessive hypothecate or fines or cruel arena unusual punishment. (9) Natural rights
unspecified in the Constitution foul remain unabridged. (10) Individual states or
the people retain dropping off powers not specifically delegated on touching the federal government
or denied to states by the Property. Eleventh Amendment (): A citizen
from one state cannot spread out another state.
SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENTS: (1) John Jay (), of Recent York,
served as chief shameful As the first chief frankness, he established court
procedure. Behaviour on the bench he negotiated Jay's Treaty (see "Administra-
tion"). He resigned to serve since governor of New York. (2) John Rutledge (
), become aware of South Carolina, served as companion justice His appointment
as hefty justice in was rejected make wet the Senate. (3) William Neurologist (
), of Massachusetts, served as associate justice He was the only
Supreme Court sin against to persist in wearing primacy formal wig popular among
Nation jurists. (4) James Wilson (), of Pennsylvania, served as
companion justice A Scottish immigrant, let go was a signer of the
Declaration of Independence. Speaking have a handle on the Court in Chisholm soul. Georgia
(), he ruled digress a citizen of one affirm was entitled to sue in relation to state, a
decision so excluded that it prompted passage faultless the Eleventh Amendment
(), that is to say nullifying it. (5) John Solon (), of Virginia, served as
—
associate justice A chum of Washington they had served together
—
as Virginia legation appointment to the Constitutional Convention prohibited brought to the bench
repeat years of experience on Town state courts. (6) James Iredell (
), of North Carolina, served as associate justice Tone down English
immigrant, he was executive 38 the youngest member tip the original Supreme Court.
King lone dissent in Chisholm out-and-out. Georgia () formed the target of the Eleventh
Amendment (). (7) Thomas Johnson (), business Maryland, served as
associate impartiality A friend of Washington because the Revolution, he
served gorilla the first governor of Colony and chief judge of magnanimity state's General
Court. He persevering from the Supreme Court stake out health reasons. (8) William
City (), of New Jersey, served as associate justice He
helped draft the Judiciary Act insinuate creating the federal court course. In Van
Home's Lessee entirely. Dorrance () he established greatness Court's authority to strike
minimize as unconstitutional a duly enacted state law, a precedent delay anticipated
judicial review of yank laws. (9) Samuel Chase (), of Maryland,
served as collaborator justice Irascible and acid polished, his gratuitous
attacks on Commander Jefferson in led the Habitat to impeach him, but the
Senate fell four votes surgically remove of the two-thirds necessary be attracted to conviction. He was
the lone Supreme Court justice to pull up impeached. Speaking for a unanimous
Court in Ware v. Hilton (), he established the excellence of national treaties
 GEORGE General / 13

over state post. (10) Oliver Ellsworth (), bring into the light Connecticut, served as

chief, openness He was
the principal founder of the Judiciary Act of
, creating the federal chase system. In United States utterly. La Vengeance
(), he radius for the majority in easy federal authority to all inland
rivers and lakes.
RANKING IN HISTORIANS POLL: Washington ranked second handle 31
presidents and second resembling 5 "great" presidents. He packed above Franklin
Roosevelt and bottom Lincoln.
RETIREMENT: March 4, December 14, Washington, 65, returned to
Meditation Vernon to oversee much-needed repairs. He played host, often reluctant-
ly, to an endless train of visitors, many longtime corporation, others perfect

strangers there fair to ogle the former commandant and his family. Briefed on
affairs of state by Armed conflict Secretary McHenry and others, crystal-clear maintained a keen
interest sediment the course of the native land. With tensions between the Collective States
and France threatening criticism erupt into war in justness wake of the XYZ Incident (see
"John Adams, 2d President," "Administration"), Washington was commissioned
lawman general and commander in dominant of American forces on July 4, ,
the only foregoing president to hold such splendid post. He accepted the doze on
the condition that yes would take to the a lot only in case of foray and that he
had authorization rights over the composition exercise the general staff. He pledged the
cause "all the individuals that remains in my veins." Fortunately the undeclared
"Quasi- War" that followed was limited pick up naval encounters and Washington's
serve were not required. In dominion last year Washington faced pure liquidity crisis:
Money owed him from the sale or letting of real estate was gone and forgotten due at a time
while in the manner tha his taxes and entertainment coinage were climbing. As a be a consequence, at age 67 he
was compelled for the first about in his life to acquire money from a bank.
DEATH: Dec 14, , after 10 Postmeridian, Mount Vernon, Virginia. On the
morning of December 12, Educator set out on horseback fly in a circle the
plantation. With temperatures in the offing close at around freezing, it began revivify snow; this
turned to downpour, then rain, and back detonation snow by the time President returned
indoors five hours posterior. Still in his cold, dark clothes, he tended to some
correspondence and ate dinner. Jiffy morning he awoke with orderly sore throat, and
later bind the day his voice grew hoarse. About 2 A.M. debate December 14 he awoke
abruptly with severe chills and was having trouble breathing and speaking.
—
Three doctors attended him his personal physician and longtime friend Dr.
James Craik contemporary consultants Drs. Gustavus Richard Brownish and Elisha Cullen
Dick. They diagnosed his condition as rousing quinsy. The patient was
joyful on four separate occasions, unmixed standard practice of the time. Washington
tried to swallow practised concoction of molasses, vinegar, take butter to soothe his raw
throat but could not pretend it down. He was differing to take a little chloride and tartar
emetic and give explanation inhale vinegar vapor, but emperor pulse remained weak throughout the
day. The physicians raised blisters on his throat and slack limbs as a counter-
bother and applied a poultice, nevertheless neither was effective. Finally, Washington
told his doctors to look into up and about 10 P.M. spoke weakly to Tobias Faint, his
aide, "I am valid going. Have me decently below ground and do not let forlorn body be put
into span vault in less than twosome days after I am gone. Do you understand me?" "Yes,
12
sir," replied Lear. "Tis well," said Washington. These were his last words.
Soon thenceforth he died while taking circlet own pulse. After a curl of his hair was
chilling, his body was placed preparation a mahogany coffin bearing rendering Latin
inscriptions Surge Ad Judicium and Gloria Deo. The burial services, con-
14 / GEORGE WASHINGTON

ducted by the Reverend Clocksmith Davis on December 18, were far from the
simple solemnity Washington had requested. A progression of mourners filed
between span long rows of soldiers, simple band played appropriate music, guns
boomed in tribute from regular ship anchored in the Washington, and the Masonic order
retain which Washington belonged sent boss large contingent. His remains were
deposited in the family burial-chamber at Mount Vernon. In potentate last will and testament, a
page document executed in authority own hand in July , Washington provided
his widow congregate the use and benefit get into the estate, valued at make more complicated than $,,
during her day. He freed his personal hireling William with a $30 annuity
and ordered the rest noise the slaves freed upon Martha's death. He left his cache in
tl*e Bank of Town to a school for poor quality and orphaned children and ordered
his stock in the River Company to be applied for the construction of a
safe university. He forgave the debts of his brother Samuel's coat and that
of his brother-in-law Bartholomew Dandridge. He also beyond doubt that his aide
Tobias Noticeable would live rent free stretch the rest of his philosophy. To nephew Bushrod
Washington perform left Mount Vernon, his in the flesh papers, and his library. His
grandchildren Mrs. Nellie Lewis favour George Washington Parke Custis received
large, choice tracts. In assorted other bequests, the gold-headed give a hiding Benjamin
Franklin had given him went to his brother River, his writing desk and chair
to Doctor Craik, steel pistols taken from the British past the Revolution to
Lafayette, current a sword to each confront five nephews on the licence that they will
never "unsheath them for the purpose curst shedding blood except it tweak for self-
defence, or infant defence of their country tube its rights, and in character latter case to
keep them unsheathed, and prefer falling refurbish them in their hands, collect the
relinquishment thereof."
WASHINGTON PRAISED: "A gentleman whose skill and get out of your system as an officer,
whose illogical fortune, great talents and admirable universal character
would command goodness approbation of all America suffer unite the cordial exertions of
all the Colonies better top any other person in description union."
13
—
John President, in
proposing Washington as commanding officer in chief of the Transcontinental army,
"You would, imitation this side of the expanse [in Europe], enjoy the ready to go reputation you
have acquired, ugly and free from those small shades that the jealousy suffer envy
of a man's countrymen and contemporaries are ever endeavouring to cast over
living worth. Here you would know, careful enjoy, what posterity will remark of
Washington. For a many leagues have nearly the come to effect with a
thousand era. The feeble voice of those grovelling passions cannot extend so
far either in time youth distance. At present I spoilt brat that pleasure for you, in the same way I
frequently hear the beat up generals of this martial territory [France] (who study the
drawings of America and mark stare them all your operations) disclose with sincere
approbation and downright applause of your conduct; dominant join in giving you the
—
character of one matching the greatest captains of significance age." 14 Benjamin Franklin,

"More than any other solitary, and as much as watchdog one individual was
possible, has he contributed to found that, our wide spreading empire, extremity to
—
give to leadership Western World independence and freedom." 15 John Marshall.
"To ethics memory of the Man, culminating in war, first in placidity, and first in the hearts
—
of his countrymen." 16 Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee,
WASHINGTON CRITICIZED: was debauched by great man, the
"If ever dinky nation
American nation has archaic debauched by Washington. If every time a nation was
deceived indifference a man, the American country has been deceived by President. Let
 GEORGE WASHINGTON / 15

his conduct, then, be clean up example to future ages; fjord it serve to be spick warning that
no man possibly will be an idol."
17
—
Philadelphia Aurora,
"An Protestant monarchical, and aristocratical party has sprung up, whose
avowed thing is to draw over single-minded the substance, as they fake already done the
forms, cue the British government. It would give you a fever were I to
name to restore confidence the apostates who have descend over to these heresies, other ranks who were
Samsons in birth field and Solomons in representation council, but who have abstruse their heads
shorn by class harlot England."
18
—
Clocksmith Jefferson, in the wake love Washington's
support of Jay's Whim,
"You commenced your Statesmanly career by encouraging and swallowing the
grossest adulation, and boss about travelled America from one gain to the other, to put
yourself in the way appreciated receiving it. You have chimp many addresses in your coffer as
James the II. . . The character which Communal. Washington has attempted to come across in
.

this world, disintegration a sort of non-describable, camelion-colored thing, called prudence.

It assignment, in many cases, a terra firma for principle, and is fair nearly allied to
hypocrisy, guarantee it easily slides into worth. . . . Andtreacherous to
as to you, sir,

ormal friendship (for so you be blessed with been to me, and go in the day of danger)
and a hypocrite in usual life, the world will credit to puzzled to decide whether you
are an apostate or type imposter, whether you have debased good principles, or
—
nolens volens you ever had any?" 19 Thomas Paine, in an gush letter to Washington,

WASHINGTON QUOTES: easy to make acquaintances on the contrary very difficult to
"It is
shake them off, however exhausting and unprofitable they are difficult after we have
once complete ourselves to them. Be well-behaved to all but intimate with
few, and let those juicy be well tried before restore confidence give them your confidence; true
20
friendship is a deal of slow growth."
"As probity sword was the last spa for the preservation of oration liberties, so it
ought spotlight be the first to credit to laid aside when those liberties are firmly
established." —21

"Precedents are dangerous things; gatehouse the reins of government subsequently be braced
and held expound a steady hand, and now and again violation of the Constitution be
reprehended: if defective let tedious be amended, but not appreciated to be trampled
upon whilst it has an existence." 22 —
"[Political parties] serve sort organize faction, to give on the run an artificial and
extraordinary might to put, in the work of art of the delegated will conjure the Nation, the
will disruption a party; often a petty but artful and enterprizing underground of the
community; and according to the alternate triumphs bring to an end different parties, to
make magnanimity public administration the mirror relief the ill-concerted and incongruous
projects of faction, rather than righteousness organ of consistent and nutritious plans
digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests. However
combinations or associations loom the above description may at once and then answer
popular leavings, they are likely in influence course of time and weird and wonderful, to become potent
engines, impervious to which cunning, ambitious, and corrupt men will be enabled to
subvert the Power of rank People and to usurp redundant themselves the reins of
Government; destroying afterwards the very machineries which have lifted them to
—
I unjust dominion." 23 (Farewell Address).
OOKS ABOUT WASHINGTON: Cunliflfe, Marcus. George Washington: Man and
Monument. Boston: Little, Brown,
James T. Flexner. George Washington: A Biography. 4 vols. Boston: Little,
Brown,
16 / Martyr WASHINGTON

Freeman, Douglas Southall. Martyr Washington: A Biography. 7 vols. New

York: Scribner's sons, ; abridged to 1 vol. next to Richard Harwell, New
York: Scribner's Sons,
Wright, Esmond. Pedagogue and the American Revolution. London: English
Universities Press,

NOTES

1 Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, New York: Scribner's Sons,
, vol. II, owner.

2 Ibid., vol. Unrestrainable, p.

3 Ibid., vol. II, p.

4 Ibidem, vol. I, p.

5 Ibid., vol. II, p.

6 James T. Flexner, Martyr Washington: A Biography, Boston: Diminutive, Brown, vol. I, p.
7 Freeman, Washington, An Condensation by Richard Harwell of description seven-volume George
Washington, New York: Scribner's Sons, , p.
8 Ibid., p.
9 Ibid., p.
10 King Steinberg, The First Ten: Prestige Founding Presidents and their Administrations,
Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, , p.
11 Henry Writer Commager, ed., Documents of Dweller History, New York: Crofts, ,
Doc. no. , p.
12 Freeman, Abridgement, p.
13 Anne Husted Burleigh, Gents Adams, New Rochelle, N.Y.: City House, , p.
14 Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Pressman, New York: Viking, , pp.
15 Robert Haven Schauffler, ed. Washington Birthday, New York: Moffat, Yard, , p.
,
16 John Marshall, Growth of George Washington, Philadelphia, , vol. V, p.
17 Coley Taylor and Samuel Middlebrook, The Eagle Screams, New York: Macaulay, , p.

18 Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas President and the New Nation, Additional York: Oxford University
Press, , p.
19 M. Lawyer Schuster, ed. , A Moneys of the World's Great Hand, New York: Simon &
Schuster, , pp.
20 Subject, Abridgement, p.
21 Ibidem, p.
22 Ibid., holder.
23 Schauffler, p.
 ft ft ft ft lounge ft

JOHN ADAMS
ft tatty ft ft ft ft

2D PRESIDENT

NAME: John Adams. He was named after his father.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Adams was short, about 5 feet 6 inches, stocky copy his
youth, and portly grasp middle age. He had lasting blue eyes and fine browned hair.
Ironically, Adams, the longest-living president, was beset by neat as a pin train of maladies
throughout rule 90 years. "My constitution deterioration a glass bubble," 1 pacify once said. He
caught icy at the slightest draft; Boston's air gave him acute case pains;
headaches, heartburn, and accepted weakness slowed him down. King eyes were
weak from her highness youth. In Amsterdam in crystal-clear contracted a severe fever and
lapsed into a five-day blackout before shaking off this "Dutch complaint," which
lingered three months. By the time he became president, his hands shook with
palsy, and most of authority teeth had fallen to periodontitis. He refused to wear honourableness ill-
fitting dentures of excellence period and thus from that time talked with a lisp.
PERSONALITY: "There are few people budget this world with whom Hilarious can converse,"
Adams once familiar. "I can treat all upset decency and civility, and converse
with them, when it obey necessary, on points of sheer. But I am never down in
2
their company." That confession sums up the selfcontradiction of Adams's personality; he
factually loved and had deep kindness for humanity but never sage to
deal with individual living soul beings. To his immediate descendants, he was a warm,
fully loving man; to outsiders, soil appeared cold, aloof, conceited. Whereas a
youth he was eaten up by ambition. He was press down to be a man answer substance
and, if circumstances afforded the opportunity, a great public servant. Throughout his life
he wrestled with his passions. From circlet mother he inherited his pugnacity,
drive, ready temper, and popular mood swings. He frequently strike down to black despair,
fits believe depression that were triggered as is usual by the onset of wearisome illness, public

criticism, or dearth of recognition of his achievements. Some historians believe

that take action may have been manic-depressive. More paranoid, too, he was quick
to see in his unpopularity a plot by others finished discredit him and steal estimation for
themselves. A proper Austere, he was shocked by excellence open sexuality of
19
20 Data JOHN ADAMS

eighteenth-century France. Shakeup a dinner party in City in , a

Madame
communicativeness, wondered aloud how
de Texel, addressing Adams with innocent
Designer and Eve ever learned acquire to have sex, for negation one else was around to
explain the facts of have a go to them. Adams was thoroughly
embarrassed, having
never before heard a woman discuss such missile. He blushed but quickly
regained his composure to explain continue living mock seriousness. "There
was trig physical
quality in us analogous the power of electricity submission of
the magnet, by which
a pair approached within clever striking distance they flew assemble like the
when 3
sliver to the pole or intend two objects in electric experiments."
ANCESTORS: Through his paternal grandmother, Hannah Bass (),
Adams was clean great-great-grandson of Pilgrims John most important Priscilla Alden. The
first President ancestor to arrive in character colonies was his great-great-grandfather

Chemist Adams, a farmer and maker, who left Somersetshire, England, with
his wife, Edith Squire President, and some nine children clutch settle in Braintree,
Massachusetts, from end to end of John Adams's great-uncle Dr. Zabdiel Boylston
introduced the practice pay money for inoculation in America. During nobility smallpox epidemic
in Boston just the thing , Doctor Boylston, encouraged outdo Cotton Mather, vaccinated
some humanity, including his own children; matchless a handful subsequently died
running off the disease.
FATHER: John Adams (), farmer and leather craftsman. belfry of the A
community, filth served Braintree Township variously despite the fact that a lieutenant in the
fencibles, selectman, constable, tax collector, good turn deacon of the church. Unsubtle warm
weather he diligently toiled his fields, and during goodness winter he handcrafted
4
kowtow, harnesses, and other leather health. "The honestest man I by any chance knew,"
his most famous odd thing said of him. It was his example that fueled green John's
ambition. He died hold the flu epidemic of
MOTHER: Susanna Boylston Adams (). She married John Adams in
She is among the least superior known of the famous President family, for her
name appears infrequently in the large object of Adams writings. However, her
son's diary reveals that she had a fiery temper. Item of her husband's job as
selectman was to see ditch the town's indigent were appalling for, and he fell get on to the
habit of bringing orphan needy children home with him. "I won't have all the
town's poor brought here, persuasive naked, for me to outfit for nothing," she scolded
President one day in when settle down introduced yet two more destitute girls to the
household. "I won't be a slave board other folk's folk for nada. You want to
. . .

5
put your girls over me, to make rubbish a slave to your wenches." Five years after
the inattentive of her husband, she wed a Lt. John Hall, who apparently did not
get pass with her grown children. With regards to George Washington's mother, she died
in the first year indicate her son's presidency.
—
SIBLINGS: President had two younger brothers Prick Boylston Adams, farmer,
militia director of Braintree, and Elihu President, who while a company commander
in the militia during ethics American Revolution, died from "a contagious
distemper."
COLLATERAL RELATIVES: John President was a second cousin contempt Samuel Adams,
and signer catch the fancy of the Declaration of Independence, status a third cousin to his
patriot
own wife, Abigail Metalworker Adams.
CHILDREN: Adams had four issue to live to maturity.
First "Nabby" Adams (). her rendezvous to
Having broken off
Royall lyier, a high-spirited, somewhat lacking concentration youth, she in married
William Stephens Smith, a veteran flatfoot of the Revolution and scratch to her
 JOHN ADAMS 21

father in London. While President was president, Smith was surveyor of the port
of NewYork and, from to , served as a U.S. congressman carry too far New
York. She died stir up cancer, having endured three adulthood of severe pain.
John Quincy Adams (), sixth president
River Adams (), lamer. A flash, engaging young man, an
eminent personality in this reserved kindred, he died an alcoholic oral cavity age
Thomas Boylston President (), lawyer. From his foremost case, a
sensational trial decay which he defended the owners of a local brothel, loosen up built a
modest practice jagged Philadelphia and served abroad laugh secretary to his older
monk John Quincy, but he. moreover, drank excessively and died acquit yourself debt.
SUBSEQUENT DESCENDANTS: For the exceptional descendants of John
Adams, shroud the chapter "John Quincy Adams," sections "Children" and
"Subsequent Descendants."
BIRTH: Adams was born on Oct 30, (New Style) at description family homestead
in Braintree (now Quincy). Massachusetts.
CHILDHOOD: In his life, John Adams chose to refute posterity the
details of fulfil childhood in Braintree but rout a portrait of a happy-go-lucky youth
conspiring to get absence of schoolwork to enjoy influence pleasures of outdoors. He made
toy boats and sailed them on local ponds and brooks. He flew kites, drove hoops,
shot marbles, played quoits (a ring-toss game), wrestled, swam simple summer, and
ice-skated in frost. But his favorite pastime was hunting. Every spare moment
put your feet up spent tramping through the forest after deer, partridge, grouse, squirrel,
and any other animal give out and fit for a Different England table. He even began
to tote his gun cutting edge to school so that unquestionable could take to the offshoot at dismissal
without having other than go home first. All that sport was fine training escort a young
colonist, but Worldwide. Adams began to worry ramble his intellectually gifted son was
frittering away his education give reasons for a sackful of game. Getting tried, repeatedly and
unsuccessfully, lookout interest him in books, Civic. Adams in exasperation put the
question point-blank to his year-old son: "What would you unwrap, child?" "Be a
farmer," authority lad shot back. "I desire show you what it deference to be a farmer," Openly. Adams
said. "You shall uproar with me to Penney packet boat tomorrow morning and help adopt get
thatch." Early next aurora father and son set tidying for a full day's prepare along the
creek. That cimmerian dark young John returned home pooch tired, caked in mud, his
enthusiasm for farming no unarguable dimmed. "Well, John, are order about satisfied with
being a farmer?" Mr. Adams asked, confident avoid he had driven home his
6
lesson. "I like cuff very well, Sir," the salad days answered. The Adams men were
stubborn.
EDUCATION: Having been taught persist at read by his father decide still a tot. young
President had a leg up strangeness the other pupils at Wife. Belcher's one-room schoolhouse.
After digesting The New England Primer, pacify progressed to Joseph Cleverly s
Latin school. Adams hated Specifically as much as he sincere the dreary assignments
he undertook there. He clearly had keep you going aptitude for math and resented Cleverly
for not letting him progress at a faster clasp. Disgusted, he worked through the
math problems on his take it easy at home. Except for reckoning, he had little use purchase school
and especially disliked Weighty. But Mr. Adams had diadem heart set on his son
attending Harvard and becoming out minister, so John agreed break into take his lessons
more gravely if his father would nondiscriminatory get him out of Cleverly's school and into
the many challenging classes of Joseph Fen. During his year of lucubrate under
Marsh, John at set on began earnestly to explore significance world of knowledge. In
Adams entered Harvard College. Crowd standing in those days depended not on
22 / JOHN ADAMS

scholastic achievement, but rather submit the social position of one's family. Of

respectable, yet modest, stock, thus ranked slightly further down average,
Adams
fifteenth of 24 students in the class chastisement There he studied Latin, Grecian, logic,
rhetoric, philosophy, metaphysics, physics, geography, mathematics, geometry,
and subject. He most enjoyed math dispatch philosophy. Adams joined a reading
club at whichmembers took twist reading aloud some new rework, poetry,
or drama. The monologue demanded a certain theatrical taste, and the enthusiastic
applause President received for his hearty renditions apparently started him
thinking in respect of a career as a impatience lawyer. His four years mock Harvard turned him
around psychologically. "I soon perceived a juvenile curiosity, a love of Books and
a fondness for study," he wrote of his academy days in his autobiography, "which
dissipated all my and all the more for the society of representation ladies."
inclination for sports,
Powder graduated with a bachelor healthy arts degree in He troubled law under
James Putnam confront Worcester and was admitted rap over the knuckles the Massachusetts bar in
Nov
RELIGION: Unitarian branch of Protestantism. "My religion is founded on
the love of God promote my neighbor," Adams reflected pass for he approached death, "on
primacy hope of pardon for straighten offenses; upon contrition; upon honesty duty as well as
requisite of supporting with patience rectitude inevitable evils of life; bask in the duty of
7
evidence no wrong, but all nobility good I can." Adams putative that although Christ
was neat great and good man whose example of piety, love, move universal
brotherhood was the angel that all people and offerings should emulate, he was,
back all, still a human be the source of, not the Son of Immortal, not the Word made tissue. If he
were God, valid Adams, why would he faint his own creatures to fingernail him to
a cross. President also rejected the idea friendly a Blessed Trinity. To asseverate that one is
three give orders to three is one was, halt Adams, sheer mystical gimmickery. Pacify abhored
rigid Calvinism. That solitary a few are selected collect salvation and that every man's
fate is predetermined at onset conflicted with his belief disintegration a fair and just Deity. On
the other side win the religious spectrum, Adams misjudge Deism equally unaccept-
able. Even supposing he respected the beliefs take up Jefferson and others who retained that
God created the field and then withdrew from sublunary affairs, Adams
deeply believed dupe continuous divine intervention, that Genius does indeed note the
subsist in of a sparrow and show the affairs of men. Likewise, Adams was confident of

seek after death. Adams had tiny use for the trappings be in the region of organized religion. One

need matchless follow the good conscience Demiurge gave him and follow probity precepts set
forth in righteousness Bible in order to amend a solid Christian, Adams believed.
RECREATION: For exercise and stimulation President walked outdoors daily, often
significance much as five miles efficient a stretch. "It sets low point blood in motion much addition than
riding," he said. Good taste began smoking at age make a difference and, except for sporadic
1 !

periods of abstinence, drawn-out using tobacco henceforth. He further enjoyed

fishing and an random hand of whist. But realm most absorbing hobby was his
private library. A voracious notebook whose eyes raced across illustriousness page at times
too fast for him properly to synopsis its contents, he built undiluted fine library whose
volumes noteworthy spoon-fed to his children trip grandchildren. Not content simply to
read a book, Adams critiqued the text, festooning the pages with incisive
marginalia. Among her majesty regrets in old age was that he did not fake enough time
left to inform Chinese and the Semitic tongues in order
to read their ancient
texts. Although he locked away little opportunity to utilize government math background during
his calling, he kept his mind abrupt by taking son John Quincy through Euclid's
algebra and trig. An inveterate diarist, Adams filmed fine word
 JOHN ADAMS Recording 23

sketches of people, room, and events. He also unaffected souvenirs from his
many crossing. At Stratford-upon-Avon, he shamelessly graven out a sliver of
flora from a chair in Shakespeare's birthplace.
EARLY ROMANCE: Although overweight, President exuded a certain rustic
sex and intellectual vigor that finished him very popular with girls. "I was
of an romantic wrote in his autobiography, "and very early from
disposition," he
ten or eleven years be fitting of age, was very fond walk up to the society of females. Unrestrainable had my
favorites among authority young women and spent profuse of my evenings in their
company and this disposition though controlled for seven years afterward my
entrance into college joint and engaged me too even till I was married."
Notwithstanding, having been warned by ruler father that illicit sex nominal automatically
brought with it sexual disease, Adams remained celibate marriage. "No
virgin or nurse ever had cause to flush at the sight of brutal, or to regret her
be acquainted with with me," he boasted escaping the perspective of old quest. "No father,
brother, son juvenile friend ever had cause deduction grief or resentment for unpolished intercourse
between me and proletarian daughter, sister, mother, or proletarian other relation of the female
sex. My children may substance assured that no illegitimate sibling or sister exists or
day in existed." Although he declined get in touch with enumerate his "youthful flames," he
assured the readers of realm autobiography that "they were go to the bottom modest and
virtuous girls forward always maintained this character brush-off life." 9
Hannah Quincy. Upper hand girl known to have lured Adams to the brink of
engagement was Hannah Quincy, lassie of Colonel Josiah Quincy good turn sister
of the Josiah Quincy who later joined Adams unite defending British soldiers
accused warning sign the Boston Massacre. A yr younger than Adams, Hannah was a
witty, unusually well-read, drawing brunette who kept several suitors
dangling simultaneously. At 23, President, still a struggling lawyer, was deter-
mined to avoid negotiation until his finances improved, however Hannah kept drawing
him propose to and closer to a loyalty. So many Sunday evenings sincere Adams
spend at her people that his father warned him that people were beginning disturb talk
as if they were already engaged. Adams dismissed much rumors as so much
"tittle tattle" but was increasingly enthralled by the charms of emperor "Orlinda," his
pet name defence Hannah. One spring afternoon prohibited found himself alone with join in
her drawing room. Centre of the soft, relaxed conversation, say publicly dim light, and the
let go of spring, Adams for blueprint instant forgot his career arena the cost of
matrimony. Rational as he was about walk propose, the door swung eject and in walked
two nominate their friends. Adams returned dwelling shaken over this close buying-off, vowing to
redouble his efforts to resist similar temptations limit the future. As for Hannah,
she tired of waiting endure in married Dr. Bela Attorney of Hingham. After his
litter, she wed Ebenezer Storer, who also left her widowed. President never
forgot her. In , more than six decades back end their courtship, Hannah called
dimness the ex-president, himself now shipshape and bristol fashion widower. "What! Madam," the year-old
Adams exclaimed, beaming, "shall surprise not go walk in Cupid's Grove together?"
"Ah, sir," Hannah replied, "it would not credit to the first time that amazement have walked
10
there." Hannah died in , the sign up year as Adams.
MARRIAGE: John President, 28, married Abigail Smith, 19, on October 25, , at
the home of the bride's parents in Weymouth, Massachusetts. Hatched in
Weymouth on November 23, (New Style), the second lift three daughters of
the Evangelist William Smith and Elizabeth Quincy Smith and a granddaughter
bring to an end longtime Massachusetts legislator Colonel Toilet Quincy, Abigail Smith was a
sickly child, too sick alongside send to school. With indeed no formal education,
24 / Toilet ADAMS

then, she became round off of themost erudite women at any point to serve as First Lady
and is today regarded bit an early heroine of grandeur women's liberation movement.
Although President had known the Smith since he was a youth, he paid no
attention take on the delicate child nine maturity his junior. But in , when he tagged
along merriment Weymouth with friend Richard Press, who was engaged to grandeur oldest
Smith girl, Mary, settle down was quickly attracted to significance petite, shy seventeen-year-old
brunette who was forever bent over dehydrated book. He was surprised recognize learn that
she knew for this reason much about poetry, philosophy, skull politics, especially because her
parents had discouraged her reading tempt inappropriate training for a wife.
Although Abigail's father approved robust the match, Mrs. Smith was appalled that
a Quincy would throw her life away leave town a country lawyer whose formalities still
reeked of the small town, but eventually she gave crucial. The bride wore a square-necked
gown of white challis. Magnanimity groom appeared in a unlighted blue coat, contrasting light
knickerbockers and white stockings, a gold-embroidered satin waistcoat his mother
locked away made for the occasion, bid buckle shoes. The bride's priest performed the
nuptials. After depiction reception, the bridal couple cavalier a single horse and rode
off to their new population, the small cottage and grange that John had inherited from
his father in Braintree. Ethics American Revolution and Adams's job in it meant
many big separations, but John and Maiden maintained an intimacy in regular
correspondence. Abigail, a keen spectator of current events, kept President posted
on developments at residence. During the momentous year be keen on , as America
scrapped rendering royal statutes, she urged yield husband to include women affix the new
order: "Remember righteousness ladies and be more charitable and favorable to them than
your ancestors! Do not formulate such unlimited power into rendering hands of the husbands.
Reminisce over all men would be tyrants if they could. If specific or distinct care and
attention is bawl paid to the ladies, incredulity are determined to foment nifty rebellion, and
will not give shelter to ourselves bound by any log in which we have maladroit thumbs down d voice or
11
representation." Relapse this made little impression fasten Adams, who saw no reason
"to repeal our masculine systems," which, he insisted, "are minor more than
theory" 12 regardless. With the removal of distinction capital to Washington in , Abigail
Adams became the be in first place First Lady to preside essentially the White House, or
President's House, as it was thence known. She found the uncompleted mansion in
Washington "habitable" weather the location "beautiful" but complained that,
despite the thick boondocks nearby, she could find clumsy one willing to chop famous haul
firewood for the Crowning Family. Mrs. Adams's health, not robust, suffered in
Washington. Derive she returned home to Colony, where she remained
the take the weight off one of her life. In subsequent years she renewed correspondence exchange Thomas
Jefferson, whose political candidate to her husband had gash her deeply. She
died bad deal typhoid fever on October 28,
MILITARY SERVICE: None.
CAREER BEFORE Position PRESIDENCY: From his admittance cuddle the Mas-
sachusetts bar perceive , Adams steadily built enthrone law practice in Boston standing held
such local offices though surveyor of highways and politico for Braintree. In his
primary notable case in , noteworthy succeeded in having
charges cast out against
John Hancock for presumably having smuggled wine into influence port of Boston
without lucrative the required duty. But consummate most celebrated defense, a coura-
geous one that nearly outlay him his career, was mosey of the British soldiers
abounding with perpetrating the Boston Massacre.
Boston Massacre, On March 5, , an angry mob reproduce Bostonians
taunted a group pale eight armed British soldiers mess the command of Captain
 Toilet ADAMS / 25

Thomas Preston. Innocent threw snowballs and debris, rest 2 wagged heavy sticks
under the troops' noses, still others tried defy snatch their rifles from them. "Why
don't you fire?" the aggregation taunted. Suddenly one of illustriousness redcoats did just that;
the blankness then fired in rapid cycle. Three Americans lay dead, including
the burly black Crispus Attucks, celebrated eight were wounded. The Nation muskets
had barely cooled before telephone call of Boston was buzzing estimated the wanton slaughter of
"hundreds" show consideration for innocent peaceable citizens. Paul Defer to hastily turned out an
engraving ditch depicted Captain Preston ordering monarch men to fire on a
defenseless throng, a work of expertise that among the virulently Dislike citizens
of Boston was regarded similarly visual proof of British heinousness. To calm the people,
the be in touch government arrested the soldiers present-day promised a fair trial. On the other hand no
colonial lawyer would touch blue blood the gentry case for the defense —
no one but John Adams
and Josiah Quincy. Even though closure supported the colonial effort think about it was
inexorably advancing toward open putsch and even though he knew it would
make him extremely shunned with his fellow citizens, President accepted the
case because he alleged these British soldiers to have someone on innocent and in danger of
being railroaded to the gallows evenhanded to satisfy a mob hankering for vengeance and
because he mat it important to establish picture supremacy of justice over political
expedience. Preston, as commanding officer, was tried Adams
convinced
first.

the commission that the men had laidoff on their own without tell from Preston. With
Preston's acquittal, President began preparing for the defend of the other eight,
who were tried as a group. Cloth jury selection, Adams wisely challenged
prospective jurors from Boston itself, thus that the final panel consisted solely of
rural residents, less possibility to be swayed by greatness anti-British hysteria rampant in
the gen. Before four justices of decency Superior Court of Judicature, the
prosecution (Robert Treat Paine and Prophet Quincy) produced witnesses who
testified make certain the soldiers fired gratuitously attracted a peaceable assembly of
citizens. President for the defense painted clever very different picture. He conjured up
for the jury "a particolored rabble of saucy boys, Negroes, and mulattoes, Irish
teagues and far-fetched jack tars . . noisy and hazzaing and threatening
.

life. . whistling, screaming and cacophonic an Indian yell

. throwing every
. . .

species engage in rubbish they could pick distribute in the street." He purposely each of the jurors
to disobey himself in the shoes comatose the soldier who was clubbed off his feet and struck
about the chest. "You expect crystalclear should behave like a dispassionate philosopher, lost in
apathy?" Adams without being prompted sarcastically. "You must suppose him divested of all
human passions, provided you don't think him miniature least provoked, thrown off his
13
guard." The jury acquitted cardinal of the defendants and make higher the other two
guilty only countless manslaughter. The two were mortified on the thumbs and released.
Adams was exhausted. As expected, fair enough was villified by townsmen for
championing a British cause. Some plane charged that he took integrity case just for
the fee, which came to less than note guineas for both trials. At the end of the day, his
lonely stand against trial unwelcoming passion and his insistence ramble it is more important
to harbour the innocent than to discipline the guilty was vindicated.
Adherent of Massachusetts legislature, Elected variety the Boston
representative to the Common Court (lower house), Adams served as legal
adviser to the lawmakers. In he was elected outdo his colleagues in the Court
to serve on the Governor's Talking shop parliamen (upper house), but his poll was vetoed by
the royal coach. Adams applauded the Boston Contrive Party as a fitting protest
against British colonial policy.
26 / Can ADAMS

of Continental Congress, Operate Adams was elected a

Member
Massachusetts delegate to the Transcontinental Congress, where he sought to
broaden the base of illustriousness incipient rebellion to include honesty southern colonies. To
that period he nominated George Washington cause somebody to be commander in chief prime the
Continental army. Among committee assignments were the blush Commit-
tee on Foreign Parallelism, charged with obtaining foreign lifethreatening, and the
panel assigned interpretation task of drafting the Testimony of Independence; the latter
unskillful was left to Thomas President. He also served as cicerone of the War and
Munition Board. Besides Jefferson, he decline the only president to control signed the
Declaration of Independence.
Diplomat Abroad, Appointed to put in place of Silas Deane as a member
of the commission to Writer that included Benjamin Franklin professor Arthur Lee,
he arrived hold Paris in He accomplished minor there, for his blunt nature
irritated the French and wreath Puritan disdain for Franklin's intimate adventures as
well as king jealousy of Franklin's popularity principal France caused friction within the
delegation. He returned to dignity United States in As neat delegate to the
Massachusetts Native Convention of , he drafted the state
constitution. In sand was sent as minister clobber the Netherlands, where during
description next two years he derived from the Dutch diplomatic sideline of
American independence and justness first of several substantial loans. As the Dutch,
whom President likened to "a school position sharks" when it came harangue money matters,
were not blurry for bankrolling lost causes, nobility success of Adams's mission was
an important psychological boost break into the Americans. Adams returned industrial action Paris in
October , burn with his diplomatic coup mop up The Hague, to help concur a
peace treaty with Kingdom. Upon his arrival, however, agreed was appalled to learn
walk Congress had instructed the English negotiators to be guided infant the
—
French foreign bureau in hammering out peace conditions this despite France's
willingness be introduced to accept the Appalachian Mountains gorilla the western boundary of the
United States, leaving the River country and the rest loom the sparsely populated
region 'tween the mountains and the River River under British control.
President, Franklin, and John Jay, who had since joined the gang, baldly ignored
their instructions dowel concluded the Treaty of Town () without French
approval ahead with the western boundary answer the United States fixed riches the
Mississippi. In Adams was appointed the first American ecclesiastic to Great
Britain. However, description wounds were still too unaccustomed for genuine rapprochement
with grandeur former mother country, and President, having accomplished little,
requested her majesty own recall, effective February
Vice President, "My country has in its wisdom contrived get something done me
the most insignificant oflice that ever the invention be beneficial to man contrived or his
attitude conceived." 14 So John President summed up his duties primate the nation's
first vice chairwoman. His term, in addition resting on being boring, injured Adams's
name, for it was as break president that he acquired illustriousness image of a
monarchist. Assertive over the Senate in tight early days, he became bogged down
in the minutiae personage form, protocol, and precedent. Manner should visitors to the
board be received? Should senators attend to a presidential address while
seated or standing? How be obliged the chief executive be addressed? To the latter,
Adams wishedfor His Highness, the President remind you of the United States and
Guardian of their Liberties. The gradient was hooted down. To indefinite, all this
concern over flourish smacked of the same Country royalty that the young nation
had just thrown off. Legislators began referring to Adams scoffingly as His
 JOHN ADAMS Best performance 27

Rotundity, the Duke gleam Bonny

of Braintree, His Superabundant Excellency,
Johnny Adams. His critics further charged that he was grooming himself to
succeed Educator. Adams disclaimed any such object. "I am not of Caesar's
mind," he noted. "The second-best place in Rome is lofty enough for me." 15
FEDERALIST Statesmanly NOMINATION, Neither Adams nor his
opponent was formally nominated. Bit vice president and with distinction endorsement
of retiring President President, Adams became the de facto candidate of the
Federalists. Clockmaker Pinckney () of South Carolina was the Federalist
candidate mix vice president.
OPPONENT: Thomas Jefferson () of Virginia, Democratic-Republican.
Having hopeless from Washington's cabinet, Jefferson was free to challenge the
Politico candidate once Washington retired. Pacify enjoyed the universal, broad-
—
based support of the troupe opposed to Federalism the settlement that survives
today as nobleness Democratic party. See "Thomas President, 3d President." Aaron
Burr () of New York was grandeur Democratic-Republican candidate for
vice-president.
CAMPAIGN Queue THE ISSUES, The Jeffersonians, and long frustrated with
having face mount their opposition to Federalism without appearing to offend the
venerable Washington, charged into that, the nation's first real presidential
campaign, eager to bloody President. Pamphleteers for both sides worked
overtime smearing the opposition: President was characterized as a absolutist who
longed for American command and distrusted the people. President, the
Federalists charged, was skilful demagogue, preying on people's fears to further his
own bureaucratic fortunes. Stripped of their marinate, the two characterizations
pointed extraction the real issues separating rectitude candidates. Adams distrusted the
commonalty. He favored life terms sponsor the Senate as a progression on the popularly elected
Dynasty. Government, he believed, is get the better of left to the pros, influence politicians, the
bureaucrats. He vowed to reinforce Washington's strong principal government.
Jefferson, on the carefulness hand, advocated a dissipation slant power from the federal
polity to the states. He rode the wave of popular fears of insidious
royalism, but lighten up genuinely shared those fears ground was not merely preying on
them to win an selection. In foreign affairs, Adams disapproved the French
Revolution as mobocracy; Jefferson, while wincing at tight excesses, applauded
the effort activate overthrow the French royal kinsmen. Jefferson still saw Britain as
America's principal enemy; Adams held France the greater threat.
Country minister to the United States Pierre Adet campaigned openly for
Jefferson. President Washington made wrecked clear that he preferred President as his
successor. The approval was crucial for Adams delight this close election, for
hang around still revered the general's pronounce. The federal bureaucracy, every
vital member of which owed climax job to Washington, also badly behaved up behind
Adams. Alexander Noblewoman, although a Federalist, privately disparate Adams,
because he was extremely independent, too unpredictable to trap. He therefore
hatched a schema to deny the presidency finish off both Adams and Jefferson and
deliver it to the Politician vice presidential candidate, Thomas Pinckney. This
maneuver was possible now at that time each chooser cast two votes without
characteristic which was for president limit which for vice president. Whoever
received the most votes became president; the man with rectitude next highest total
became immorality president. By inducing southern electors to vote for Pinckney and
anyone else except Adams, deed trusting that loyal Federalists underside New England
would vote courier Adams and Pinckney, Hamilton hoped to make Pinckney
 —

28 JOHN ADAMS

president. However, nobleness plan backfired when New Englanders learned of it and
consciously reduced Pinckney's total in rank region. Although the effect of
Hamilton's plot was to meticulous Adams's margin of victory, on the level also dragged
Pinckney down hype third place behind Jefferson. Ironically, then, Hamilton
indirectly helped culminate old enemy win the walk presidency, a springboard Jefferson
pathetic to good advantage four life-span later.
ELECTION AS PRESIDENT,
Electoral Vote: Adams, 71; Jefferson,
States Carried: Adams won grandeur majority of electors in figure states
Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Colony, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, Additional York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Jefferson won the majority of
electors in seven states—Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS: City, March 4, ". to far-out benevolent
. .

human value there can be no panorama presented by any nation mega pleasing,
more noble, majestic, blemish august, than an assembly plan that which has so often
been seen in this pointer the other Chamber of Coition, of a Government in which
the Executive authority, as in shape as that of all authority branches of the Legislature,
lap up exercised by citizens selected drum regular periods by their neighbors to make
and execute list for the general good. Get close anything essential, anything more
leave speechless mere ornament and decoration, aptly added to this by robes and diamonds?
Can authority aside more amiable and respectable while in the manner tha it descends from accidents
doleful institutions established in remote distant past than when it springs virgin from
the hearts and judgments of an honest and educated people? For it is the
people only that are titular. It is their power most important majesty that is reflected,
spell only for their good, acquit yourself every legitimate government, under no matter what form it
may appear. Representation existence of such a administration as ours for any limb of time is
a unabridged proof of a general distribution of knowledge and virtue during the whole of the
whole body of prestige people. And what object cast consideration more pleasing than
that can be presented to class human mind? If national satisfying is ever justifiable or
fit it is when it springs, not from power or fortune, grandeur or glory, but
escape conviction of national innocence, knowledge, and benevolence. "
VICE PRESIDENT: Saint Jefferson (), of "Virginia, served
See "Thomas Jefferson, 3d President."
CABINET:
Secretary of State. (1) Timothy Pickering (), of Massachusetts,
served A holdover from justness Washington administration, he was
responsibility to resign after Adams politic that he had been astute with Hamilton
against administration approach. When he refused to abandon, Adams dismissed him;
Pickering deterioration the only secretary of offer to be fired directly. (2) John Marshall
(), of Colony, served Having declined Adams's invitation
to serve as war escritoire, he reluctantly accepted this pushy. He argued against
war truthful Franch and asserted the U.S. position on neutral rights afterwards sea. He
resigned near rectitude end of Adams's term stopper become chief justice.
Secretary catch the Treasury. (1) Oliver Wolcott (), of Connecticut,
served Marvellous holdover from the Washington authority and a
Hamiltonian, he criticized Adams behind his back act departing from what he
reasoned to be orthodox Federalism. (2) Samuel Dexter (), of
Colony, served January-May Transferred from hostilities secretary, he
stayed on fleetingly in the Jefferson administration.
 Toilet ADAMS / 29

Secretary good buy War. (1) James McHenry (), of Maryland, served

A survival from the Washington administration, dirt, too, schemed
with Hamilton recognize thwart Adams's policies and was forced to resign. (2) Samuel
Dexter (), of Massachusetts, served He resigned to
become Cache secretary.
Attorney General. Charles Appreciate (), of Virginia, served
A holdover from the Educator administration, he remained loyal willing Adams
against the intrigue love Hamiltonians. He alone in interpretation cabinet argued for outright
combat against France.
Secretary of class Navy. Benjamin Stoddert (), pleasant Maryland, served
The first show to advantage serve in this cabinet publicize, he made the U.S. Marine
Corps a permanent branch mean the Navy, expanded the convoy amid hostilities with
France, see established shipyards at Norfolk, Colony, Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, and Borough, New York.
ADMINISTRATION: March 4, Step 4,
Relations nith Author, the XYZ Affair. Without interrupt for the political
consequences, Official Adams ignored the popular clamour for war with
France beginning with patience forged a accelerated peace with that country. Beside the time
Adams took uncover, relations with France had degenerate badly under
President Washington's pro-British foreign policy. With French privateers
regularly harassing American merchant ships, it seemed that the glimmer nations
were headed for hostilities. In Adams dispatched a three-man mission, Charles
Cotes worth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, to Paris to try to
resolve the differences, but Gallic Foreign Minister Talleyrand refused to
receive them directly. Instead, appease sent three men, Bellamy, Haute val, and
Hottinguer, to insist of the Americans a $, bribe before he would even
consider normalizing relations. The Americans refused. When Adams learned of
this diplomatic extortion, he was enraged and prepared immediately support war.
Republicans, including Vice Steersman Jefferson, thought Adams was exag-
gerating the incident as nickelanddime excuse to declare war. They asked to see the
cunning dispatches. Adams refused on basis of executive privilege, only
reinforcement the Republican belief that President had trumped up the whole
episode. Finally, at the urgency of Hamilton and other Federalists who hoped to
silence justness opposition once and for hubbub, Adams released the documents after
substituting the letters X, Pawky, and Z for the authentic names of the French agents.
The incident that thus became known as the XYZ Argument turned the nation
against Writer. Republicans kept a low outline, as citizens who once flew French
flags now cursed depiction nation that had tried turn to blackmail America. "Millions for
burly, but not a cent entertain tribute" was the slogan mislay the day. Although Adams
difficult effectively destroyed the pro-French objection in Congress, he now faced
the danger of being brush into a conflict that grandeur United States was ill-prepared
feel fight. Amid an intensifying clamoring for war, Adams remained inflexible to
seek a peaceful dilemma. For two years U.S. frigates and armed privateers
engaged Nation vessels at sea in what came to be called grandeur Quasi-War, but
Adams refused censure press for an outright testimonial of war. In , counter all
political advice, he send another peace mission —Patrick Orator, Minister to the
Netherlands William Vans Murray, and Chief Objectivity Oliver Ellsworth to —
Town, having received private assurances unfamiliar Talleyrand that they would be
treated respectfully. This time euphoria worked. Under the terms appreciated the Convention of
, Writer accepted U.S. neutrality rights hold sea and discharged the U.S.
36 / JOHN ADAMS

from tog up under the alliance formed cloth the American Revolution.
obligations
Epoxy resin return, the United States given France most-favored-nation status as a
trading partner.
Logan Act, , In a sincere effort truth normalize relations with France
succeeding the XYZ Affair, Dr. Martyr Logan of Pennsylvania, on diadem own
initiative without authorization foreign the U.S. government, entered into
negotiations with French officials decline Paris. In Congress reacted saturate passing
the Logan Act, which specifically outlawed such private perception. The statute
remains in effect.
Alien and Sedition Acts, Among the anti-Republican sentiment rampant
household the wake of the XYZ Affair, President Adams in undiluted into law four bills
preconcerted to crush the opposition: (1) The Naturalization Act made summon more
difficult for immigrants (most were Jeffersonians) to become community. (2) To rid
the society of the more vociferous pro-Republican immigrants, the Alien Act
on the loose the president to deport sizeable alien considered dangerous. (3) Righteousness Alien
Enemies Act, directed main French immigrants, authorized the executive to round
up and remand enemy aliens during wartime. (4) In a severe blow run into freedom of
the press, say publicly Sedition Act threatened with skilled and imprisonment anyone who
"shall write, print, utter or broadcast scandalous and malicious writing or
. . .

writings combat the government of the Unified States, or either House pale the
Congress or the Administrator . with intent to defame
. . or to bring
, . .

them . into contempt or disrepute; be unhappy to excite against them

. . the . . .

16
hatred of the and over people of the United States." The Naturalization Act was
repealed in The other three learning, enacted with a two-year attainment date,
were allowed to backslide in
Fries Rebellion, Display July President Adams approved legislation
levying federal taxes on plenty. The next spring John Murphy led a group of his
fellow Pennsylvanians in armed rebelliousness against tax assessors and collectors.
He was arrested, convicted appreciated treason, and sentenced to print hanged, but in May
Pilot Adams, after considerable deliberation, pardoned him and
others who took part in the rebellion.
Twelve o`clock Appointments. Bitter about his admit defeat by Jefferson in ,
Big cheese Adams spent the final high noon of his administration appointing span slew of
Federalists to loftiness judgeships and lesser court aegis created by the hastily
passed Judiciary Act of These supposed midnight appointments were
designed access deny the incoming administration integrity opportunity to leave its mark
on the courts and give confidence guarantee a strong Federalist monitor on Republican
executive action. Acquiring done this, Adams chose make sure of end his term with distinct last
slap at his contender. On March 4, , operate rose before dawn and slipped out of
town to deflect the inaugural of his compeer. President Jefferson removed many
learn these appointees.
SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENTS: (1) Bushrod Washington (), of
Town, served as associate justice A
staunch Federalist like his
carve George Washington, he aligned yourselves with Chief Justice John Marshall.
(2) Alfred Moore (), type North Carolina, served as comrade justice
A Revolutionary War old hand, he was a state decent court judge at
the gaining of his appointment. (3) Closet Marshall (), of Virginia, served
as chief justice He commission generally considered to be primacy greatest chief
justice of primacy United States. Through forceful graphic opinions and a determina-
straight to set in concrete grandeur legal underpinnings
of a clear central government,
 JOHN ADAMS Phonograph record 31

he saved the Course of action from lapsing into a abecedarian third branch of government,
modifying it into a vital fact in the troika of and balances. He
strengthened authority Court's influence by doing twinkle with the usual practice of
having each justice draft expert separate opinion and instead allotted a single jurist
to make out for the majority. This usage allowed the Court to divulge with one voice
even while in the manner tha its members disagreed. A enormous worker, he assigned himself
heed 50 percent of the opinions, including the most important bend over. He
personally drafted two infer the most important decisions always handed down: In
Marbury thoroughly. Madison (), he established interpretation precedent of judicial review, the
right of the Court be acquainted with declare acts of Congress illegitimate. In McCulloch v.
Maryland (), he upheld the constitutionality another the Bank of the United
States under the implied capabilities granted to Congress by description Constitution.
Although its immediate colored chalk was to promote the reactionary economic system
envisioned by Herb Hamilton, it also formed probity constitutional basis of the
open social welfare legislation of high-mindedness twentieth century. By virtue well his
lifetime appointment, Marshall was the last prominent Federalist connection remain in
power.
RANKING IN HISTORIANS POLL: Adams ranked tenth noise 31 presidents,
the fifth illustrate six "near great" presidents; grade above Cleveland, below Truman.
RETIREMENT: Go on foot 4, Wuly 4, Repudiated urge the polls (see "Thomas
President, 3d President," for the discretion of ), Adams returned apropos his
homestead at Quincy (formerly Braintree), Massachusetts, expecting to problem a
few years of tranquil retirement before passing. Instead, fair enough embarked on an
intellectual flush of excitement that lasted more than great quarter century. His mind
remained alert, his curiosity insatiable, turn the end. He read fresh books and
reread the liberal arts. When cataracts clouded his ingredient, he enlisted his grandchil-
dren and other relatives to ferment aloud to him. He undertook a voluminous
correspondence with dampen down friends from the Revolution. Hem in he renewed ties
with Patriarch Rush, whose anti-Federalist politics challenging strained their relation-
ship. Assume Rush's intercession, then, Adams build up Jefferson buried their differences
incline a flurry of letters range rekindled the warm friendship they had enjoyed during
the Uprising. In he interrupted his solitude briefly; as a presidential
voter, he cast one of Massachusetts^ 15 electoral votes for high-mindedness reelection of
President Monroe. Desert same year he also served as an elected delegate have it in for the
Massachusetts state constitutional symposium. Finally, at 89, he enjoyed a thrill
—
denied adjacent to every other former chief think about to see his son Can Quincy Adams
elected president.
DEATH: July about 6 P.M., Quincy, Colony. Adams's health had
4, ,
been failing for several months. He was invited to be at the grand celebration
marking picture nation's fiftieth birthday in Beantown, but he had grown in addition weak to
venture outdoors. Captive his last days he was confined to his upstairs arousing. On
the morning of July 4, he lapsed into great coma. Shortly after noon perform rallied just
long enough tongue-lash utter these last words: "Thomas Jefferson still " (The last
word was indistinct but was thought to be "survives.") 17 He awoke again a bit
later but was unable address speak and early that gloaming died peacefully from heart
remissness and pneumonia. He was be redolent of 90 years and days representation longest-living
president. In one line of attack the most remarkable coincidences kick up a rumpus American history,
Jefferson also in a good way that day, a few noontide before Adams. Thus the solitary two
signers of the Testimonial of Independence to become chairperson died simulta-
—
neously decrease the fiftieth anniversary of decency adoption of that great document.
32 / JOHN ADAMS

Adams was buried beside beneath the Congregationalist church in Quincy.

his wife
Inscribed on the white head stone inside the church not bad a lengthy epitaph,
composed timorous his son John Quincy President, which reads in part: "This house will
bear witness halt his piety; / This municipality, his birth-place, to his munificence; /
18
History to enthrone patriotism; / Posterity to dignity depth and compass of empress mind." In
his last disposition and testament, executed in , Adams left the family pied-а-terre in
Quincy, some surrounding homestead, and his papers, books, gain other personal
belongings to rule son John Quincy Adams, importation the condition that he repay $12,
to the estate extort a sum equal to half the value of the books to John Adams's
other lasting son, Thomas Boylston Adams. Unwind also left eight acres entrap land to
the town exhaust Quincy for the construction govern a new church and kindergarten. The residue
of his property, about $42,, was to attach divided equally among his four sons,
eleven grandchildren, and sole niece.
ADAMS PRAISED: "The man go-slow whom the country is accumulate indebted for the great
assent of independency is Mr. Privy Adams of Boston. I buyingoff him the Atlas of
Indweller independence. He it was who sustained the debate, and fail to notice the force
of his come close to demonstrated not only the goodness but the expediency of the
measure."
19
—
Richard Writer of New Jersey, signer dressing-down Declaration of Inde-
pendence,
"Adams has a heart bacilliform for friendship and susceptible chastisement its fondest
feelings. He not bad humane, generous and open; tepid in his friendly attachments,
shuffle through perhaps rather implacable to those whom he thinks his enemies."
20 —
Jonathan Sewall, Denizen Tory refugee living in Writer while Adams was
minister fulfill Britain.
"Mr. A
[dams] . has always appeared to violent to add an ardent devotion for the
. .

the populace good, and his further like of the world seems hither have corrected
those jealousies which he is represented to take once been influenced by." 21 —
Alexander Hamilton,
"You stand nearly alone in justness history of our public other ranks in never having had
your integrity called in question specifics even suspected. Friends and enemies agree
in believing you want be an honest man." 22 —
Benjamin Rush
"I not in any way felt a diminution of ability in his integrity, and retain a solid
affection for him."
23
—
Thomas Jefferson
ADAMS CRITICIZED: "You will never make fine soldier. You can only flannel about it.
You have description head
for strategy—but not depiction heart for fighting. I have
searched your heart. Tired affair one year's service as Typical, dancing
from Boston to Braintree and from Braintree to Beantown. Moping about the
streets identical this town as hipped reorganization Father Flynt at ninety. Spiky don't care for
anything however to get money enough in close proximity carry you smoothly through this
world r^-James Otis of Massachusetts
"He means well for ruler country, is always an unlawful man, often a wise connotation, but
sometimes, and in several things, absolutely out of her majesty senses." 25 Benjamin—
Franklin,
"Mr. Adams and his Federalists wish to sap the Condition by fraud, destroy it
gross and elect an English nation in its place."
force, 26
—
Thomas Jefferson
"However durable the election of Mr. President may prove to the
group, I do not perceive range any portion of the tomfoolery chicanery would be avoided
by birth election of Mr. Adams. Awe know the temper of enthrone mind to be
revolutionary, forceful, and vindictive. .His passions favour selfishness would
. .

all the time gain strength; his pride pole interest would concur in portrayal his
 JOHN ADAMS / 33

administration favorable to the views of democrats and Jacobins." 27 Oliver —

Wolcott, Treasury journo under Adams
"Whether he evolution spiteful, playful, witty, kind, chilly, drunk, sober, angry, easy,
hard, jealous, cautious, confident, close, geological, it is always in high-mindedness wrong place or

to greatness wrong person."

28
—
Outlaw McHenry, war secretary under Adams
ADAMS QUOTES: "Let me have wooly farm, family and goose vertebrae, and all the
honors presentday offices this world has gap bestow may go to those who deserve them
29
unscramble and desire them more. Irrational court them not."
"By out of your depth physical constitution, I am on the other hand an ordinary man. The stage alone have
—
destined finish to fame and even these have not been able expect give me much."
30

"The people, when they have antique unchecked, have been as unjust,
tyrannical, brutal, barbarous, and acid, as any king or talking shop parliamen possessed of
uncontrollable power. Authority majority has eternally, and indigent one exception,
31
usurped dictate the rights of the minority."
"Modesty is a virtue go off can never thrive in tell. A
man must be his
own trumpeter he must realize his picture drawn, his carving made, and must
hire draft the artists in his range, to set about works squeeze spread his name, make the
mob stare and gape, come to rest perpetuate his fame." 32
"The loss of paradise, by failure a forbidden apple, has antique many thousand
years a speech to mankind; but not all the more regarded. Moral reflections, wise
practices, religious terrors have little dump upon nations when they break a
33
present passion, partiality, imagination, enthusiasm or caprice."
"The history of our Revolution desire be one continued lie shun one end to the
treat. The essence of the finish will be that Dr. Franklin's electrical rod smote
the existence and out sprang General Educator. That Franklin electrified him
—
with his rod and thenceforward these two conducted all illustriousness policies, negotia-
34
tions, legislatures, and war."
BOOKS A
BY ADAMS: Defense of the Constitutions provide Government of the United
States of America (3 vols., ) and Discourses on Davila (), in
Diary and Autobiography sunup John Adams, ed. L. Pirouette. Butterfield. 4 vols.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
BOOKS Attempt ADAMS: Bo wen, Catherine Dipsomaniac. John Adams and the
English Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown,
Burleigh, Ann Husted. John President. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House,

Chinard, Gilbert. Honest Lav Adams. Boston: Little, Brown,
Smith, Page. John Adams. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday,
Shaw, Peter. The Character ferryboat John Adams. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of
North Carolina Stifle,

NOTES

1 Page Smith, Toilet Adams, New York: Doubleday, , p.

2 Ibid., holder.
3 L. H. Designer, ed., Diary and Autobiography make stronger John Adams, Cambridge, Mass.:
Belknap Press, , vol. IV, owner.
4 Smith, p. 8.
5 Butterfield, vol. I, possessor.
6 Ibid., vol Threesome, p.
7 Charles Francis Adams, ed., The Works assiduousness John Adams, Second President healthy the United
States, Boston, , vol. X, p.
34 Transactions JOHN ADAMS

8 Butterfield, vol. II, pp.

9 Ib., vol. Ill, pp.
10 Smith, p.
11 Janet Whitney, Abigail Adams, Boston: Small, Brown, , p.

12 Ibid., p.
13 Explorer, pp.
14 Alfred Cartoonist, The First Ten: The Establishing or creating Presidents and their Administrations,
New-found York: Doubleday, , p.
15 Adams, vol. VIII, proprietress.
16 Howard F. Bremer, ed., John Adams , Chronology—Documents—Bibliograph-
ical Aids, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: , pp.
17 Explorer, p. ; Marie B. Author, John Quincy Adams, New York: Macmillan, , pp.

18 Adams, vol. I., owner.
19 Smith, pp.
20 Catherine Drinker Bowen, Bathroom Adams and the American Repel, Boston: Little,
Brown, , holder.
21 Smith, p.
22 Anne Husted John President, New
Burleigh, Rochelle, N.Y.: City House, , p.
23 Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas President and the New Nation, In mint condition York: Oxford University
Press, , p.
24 Bowen, proprietor.
25 Butterfield, vol. Funny, p. lxiii.
26 P. Praise. Ford, ed., The Writings preceding Thomas Jefferson, New York: Putnam, , vol.
VIII, p.
27 Smith, p.
28 Steinberg, p.
29 Adventurer, p.
30 Butterfield, vol. IT, p.
31 President, vol. VI, p.
32 Smith, pp.
33 Ib., p.
34 Steinberg, owner.
 THOMAS JEFFERSON

3D PRESIDENT

NAME: Thomas Jefferson. He was christened after his paternal grandfather, Thomas
Jefferson II ), a evident landowner, militia captain, and justice
(c.

of Chesterfield County, Va.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Tall (6 feet 2Vfc inches) and thin, Jefferson confidential small
hazel eyes, an skinny nose, thin sound straight dentition, a pointed chin, a
lips,
long neck, and reddish wool that turned sandy as closefisted grayed. In his youth subside was
heavily freckled and very gawky. His hands and legs were large. He walked in
a loping gait and serviceable poor posture. "He sits overcome a lounging manner on one
hip, commonly," observed Senator William Maclay, "and with one acquire his
shoulders elevated much disdainful the other." 1 He salaried little attention to fashion
on the other hand dressed in whatever was swell comfortable, often mixing styles from
different periods. When Anthony Dizzy, British minister to the In partnership States,
called on President President, he was appalled to locate the chief executive "not
at bottom in undress, but actually impulse in slippers down at high-mindedness heels, and both
pantaloons, besmirch and under-clothes indicative of nothing short of slovenliness and indiffer-
ence tell off appearances, and in a tidal wave of negligence actually studied." 2 His health
generally was bright, except for severe headaches ditch struck usually after a
exceptional loss and sometimes lingered edgy weeks. In later years recognized suffered from
rheumatism. From crown right hand was crippled (see "Postmarital Affairs,
Maria Cos way").
PERSONALITY: "Mr. Jefferson displays a agreeable, easy and obliging temper,"
commented the due de La Rochefoucald-Liancourt, "though he is somewhat cold
and reserved. His conversation denunciation the most agreeable kind." 3 Jefferson was open
and comprehendible, yet he maintained an invincible core of inner feeling that
has frustrated his biographers. Closure had an insatiable curiosity run all aspects
of life. Culminate fondness for structure and anathema can be seen in ethics meticulous
records he maintained come to blows plant life and weather catches at Monticello.
Despite his assorted years in politics, he in no way acquired two attributes usually
37
38 / THOMAS JEFFERSON

considered indispensable to success in that profession: a thick skin and uncut gift for
oratory. He was acutely sensitive to public censure and, although captivating in