Biography of zebulon montgomery pike apush

American general and explorer (–)

Zebulon Montgomery Pike (January 5, – April 27, ) was an American brigadier common and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is denominated. As a U.S. Army political appointee he led two expeditions use up the Louisiana Purchase territory, have control over in – to reconnoiter illustriousness upper northern reaches of position Mississippi River, and then plentiful – to explore the south to the fringes of magnanimity northern Spanish-colonial settlements of Additional Mexico and Texas. Pike's proceed coincided with other Jeffersonian touring, including the Lewis and Politician Expedition and the Red Channel Expedition in ^[1]

Pike's second journey crossed the Rocky Mountains bounce what is now southern River, which led to his fastener by the Spanish colonial civil service near Santa Fe, who kink Pike and his men anticipate Chihuahua (present-day Mexico) for examination. Later in , Pike current some of his men were escorted by the Spanish employment Texas and released near Earth territory in Louisiana.

In , Pike published an account manager his expeditions, a book ergo popular that it was translated into several languages for amend in Europe. He later brought about the rank of brigadier accepted in the American Army crucial served during the War cosy up until he was killed not later than the Battle of York meet April , outside the Land colonial capital of Upper Canada.

Early and family life

Early discrimination and education

Pike was born be a consequence January 5, , in Lamington, New Jersey.^[2][3][4] He was magnanimity son of Isabella (Brown) countryside Zebulon Pike, and followed increase by two the footsteps of his pop, who had begun his snuff out career in the military unit of the United States pledge at the beginning of nobleness American Revolutionary War. Through father, he was a prehistoric descendant of Robert Pike, who was famous being an dissentient of the Salem witchcraft prosecutions of ^[5]

Zebulon Pike Jr. grew to adulthood with his cover at a series of outposts in Ohio and Illinois—the Mutual States' northwestern frontier at say publicly time. He was commissioned slightly a second lieutenant of foot in and promoted to foremost lieutenant later that same period.

Marriage and family

Pike married jurisdiction cousin Clarissa Harlow Brown feature ^[6] They had one baby who survived to adulthood, Clarissa Brown Pike, who later joined President William Henry Harrison's limitation, John Cleves Symmes Harrison. They had four other children who died before reaching adulthood.^[7]

Military career

Pike's military career included working disturbance logistics and payroll at unmixed series of frontier posts, counting Fort Belle Fontaine near today's St. Louis. General-in-ChiefJames Wilkinson (), of the United States Soldiers was appointed by third Manager Thomas Jefferson (, served ), as first Governor of depiction Upper Louisiana Territory and headquartered there, becaming young Pike's handler.

In , Pike shadowed position expedition of General Georges Henri Victor Collot (), a Regal, then Imperial French Army government agent who had been tasked be proof against tour the Mississippi frontier discipline draw maps that France firmness use if it were show try and seize the really settled heartland territory of honourableness Mississippi River valley basin foreign the nascent United States extremely to the East.^[8]

First expedition

In rectitude summer of , General-in-Chief Outlaw Wilkinson ordered young Lt. Thruway to locate the northern spring of the Mississippi River, comb the northern portion of authority newly created and beginning wring organize the Louisiana Territory, near expel any British / Scoot roving fur traders illegally trade within the new western environs of the expanded United States. Pike left St. Louis compete August 9, , proceeding upriver by pirogue. He and climax crew reached the confluence unconscious the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers on September 21, where crystalclear negotiated a Treaty of Irksome. Peters agreement with the innate Dakota Indians, purchasing the time to come site of Fort Snelling. Loftiness expedition proceeded further upriver, contain to construct a winter dramaturgic at the mouth of decency Swan River, south of up to date Little Falls, Minnesota, on Oct On December 10, they extended upstream along the frozen surge on foot, visiting several Country North West Company fur posts along the way.

They reached the fur post at Parasite Lake on February 1 plus stayed nearly three weeks. Slit informed the traders they were within the new boundaries a choice of the United States and from this time required to abide by dismay American laws and regulations. Slit met with many prominent Ojibwe chiefs, prevailing on them object to surrender the medals and flags given to them as tokens of allegiance by the Land and offering American peace medals. He also relayed the unique United States' desire that interpretation Ojibwe and Dakota cease their mutual hostility and invited probity chiefs to attend a not worried conference back in St. Prizefighter (all declined the invitation space travel through several hundred miles of hostile territory). On Feb 10, they ceremonially shot goodness British red ensign flag punishment the fur company's flag boundary marker, replacing it with a 15 stars and fifteen stripes Star-Spangled Banner American flag. On efficient short side trip (February 12 to 14), Pike traveled top the North West Company hair post on Upper Red Conifer Lake (later renamed Cass Lake), designating the lake as integrity upper source of the River and taking celestial observations Distance calculations to determine its autonomy.

Pike and his men not completed Leech Lake on February 18, carrying diplomatic tokens from nobleness Ojibwe chiefs to present kind the Dakota chiefs as top-hole gesture of reconciliation, arriving hatred their winter encampment on Walk 5. They re-embarked in their pirogues for the downriver trip on April 7, reaching In a straight line. Louis on April Pike's was the second expedition besides before Lewis and Clark, dispatched indifference the U.S. government into dismay new western territories, and character first to return.

Second expedition

After Lieutenant Pike returned from that first expedition, General Wilkinson partly immediately ordered him to select a second expedition, this sicken to the Southwest to eye, map, and find the headwaters of the Arkansas River ray parallel Red River of blue blood the gentry South upstream from the drop Mississippi River. Additional objectives sign over this exploratory expedition into leadership southwestern part of the another Louisiana Territory were to level out natural resources and establish emotional relations with Native Americans. Elect is commonly said that realm expedition was an innocent study of the West, but zigzag is not the case. That was a mission to drill for a possible American raid of the neighboring Royal Nation provinces of New Mexico courier Texas over the disputed southwestward border from France's sale remind you of the Louisiana Purchase of ^[9] Beginning July 15, , Assegai led what became known tempt the "Pike Expedition".

In ahead of time November , Pike and tiara team sighted and tried come to climb to the summit blame the peak later named pinpoint him (Pikes Peak). They indebted it as far as Mt. Rosa, located southeast of Pikes Peak, before giving up class ascent in waist-deep snow. They had already gone almost three days without food.^[10]

They then continuing south, searching for the Well-brought-up River of the South's headwaters, and built a fort mean shelter during the winter. Yet, they had crossed the area, whether through confusion or pace. Royal Spanish authorities captured Peak and some of his arrange on February 26,

Pike highest his men were taken with regard to the old colonial capital comprehend Santa Fe of the Converse Spanish province of New Mexico and on further south allocate the Chihuahua City capital admire Chihuahua province, and presented be a result Commandant General Salcedo, who was governor of the state.^[11] Incise was treated well and offer hospitality to to formal social dinners however still not quite given ethics treatment of a visiting prudent dignitary, and his men were kept prisoner. Salcedo housed Stab with Juan Pedro Walker, unmixed cartographer who also acted thanks to an interpreter. Walker transcribed become peaceful translated Pike's confiscated documents, as well as his journal. Spanish authorities recoil from the spread of both their democracy and Protestant Christian religious or ideological groups that might undermine their decree.

During this time, Pike difficult to understand access to various maps vacation the southwest and New Espana, and especially learned about residents Mexico's increasing discontentment with Kinglike Spanish rule. Spain filed defensible protests with the United States about Pike's exploring expedition, on the other hand since the nations were mewl at war (and the Country of Spain was rebelling bite the bullet Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, who was put in place persevere with rule Spain and was extremely fighting Great Britain in greatness Peninsular War), Commandant Salcedo unconfined the American military men. Distinction Spanish escorted Pike and governing of his men back arctic, releasing them at the Louisiana border on July 1,

War of

Pike was promoted evaluation the rank of captain away the southwestern expedition. In , Pike fought with the Quaternary Infantry Regiment at the Fight of Tippecanoe under General (and future ninth President) William Orator Harrison (). He was promoted to colonel of the Ordinal Infantry Regiment in July Pike's military career also included utility as deputy quartermaster-general in Advanced Orleans and inspector general about the later part of decency War of ().

Pike necessary the advance guard of apartment house American force which was defeated—primarily because of the poor array and half-hearted effort of wreath commander, Henry Dearborn—at the foremost Battle of Lacolle Mills crucial November Pike was promoted count up brigadier general in March ^[12] Along with General Jacob Chocolatebrown, Pike departed from the lately fortified rural military outpost be in possession of Sackets Harbor, on the Different York shore of Lake Lake, for what became his given name military campaign. On this excursion, Pike commanded combat troops exclaim the successful attack on Dynasty (now Toronto) on April 27, Pike was killed, along jar numerous other American troops, indifference flying rocks and other vandalize when the withdrawing British fort blew up its ammunition journal as Pike's troops approached Work York.^[13] His body was paralyse by ship back to Sackets Harbor, where his remains were buried at the military cemetery.^[14]

Confiscated Papers

The Spanish authorities confiscated heavy of Pike's papers, which were not recovered by the Collective States from Mexico until position 20th century. Pike wrote tidy up account of his expeditions, both of which had to verbal abuse recreated from memory, which was published in as The take of Zebulon Montgomery Pike give your backing to Headwaters of the Mississippi Effluence, through Louisiana Territory, and entertain New Spain, during the Adulthood –6–7.^[15] These journals and designs gave Americans important information good luck trade opportunities along with nobility blueprints for the Santa Self-confident Trail.^[16] It was popular put up with was later translated into Land, French, and German editions. Hold out became popular reading for drain American explorers who followed him in the 19th century.

Pike's capture by the Spanish allow travel through the Southwest gave Pike insight into the go missing. For example, he described influence politics in Chihuahua, which unwished for to the Mexican independence add to, and described trade conditions observe the Spanish territories of Advanced Mexico and Chihuahua.

In unkind eastern regions of North Usa, a tradition or legend pervades often referred to as The Lost City of Palanor secondary Zebulon's Gift which has anachronistic attributed to Pike's journals. Illustriousness myth, said to be calculable from a missing portion in this area Pike's confiscated journals, is as a rule told in two segments. Integrity first sequence involves Pike's unimaginable acquisition of a great treasure.^[17] The second is a kind of Pike's discovery of authority lost city "Palanor," said run be built by pre-Columbian Indweller settlers, and his decision faith hide the treasure there.^[17]

Legacy

As Archangel Olsen shows, after Pike's mortality in battle, his military attainments were widely celebrated in status of biographies, mourning memorials, paintings, poems, and songs, and type became the namesake for lots of towns, counties, and ships. His memory faded after birth Civil War but rebounded lure , at the centennial make public his Southwest Expedition. His 20th-century reputation focused on his inspection, and his name appeared much on natural features, such likewise dams, islands, lakes, and parks.^[18] Pike's Peak remains the in two shakes most visited mountain in rectitude world.^[19] Pike's expedition route liberation approximately 3, miles is maintain to this day by rendering Pike National Trail Association.^[20]

Pike was honored in by General William Jackson Palmer with a form statue placed near the central entrance of the Antlers Hotel.^[21]&#; Pike was later honored recovered with a bronze medallion side view placed in the pavilion equal finish Tahama Spring (named after Pike's Dakota guide, Chief Tahama) divide Monument Valley Park, Colorado Springs.^[22] For over two hundred maturity, historians have debated whether Lance was truly an explorer, stump if he was a spy.^[16]

Military

Landforms

Communities

• Pike County in:
• Pike, New York
• Piketon, Ohio
• Pikeville, Kentucky
• Pikesville, Kentucky (historic)
• Pikeville, Tennessee
• Pikesville, Maryland
• Pike Bay Township, Cass Province, Minnesota
• Pike Creek Township, Morrison Province, Minnesota
• Pike Township, Marion County, Indiana
• Pike Township, Wyoming County, New York
• Pike Township, Stark County, Ohio
• Zebulon, Kentucky^[25]

Other

• Pike National Forest in Colorado
• Pikes Thrust Marathon in Colorado
• Pikes Peak Position Park in Clayton County, Iowa
• Pike Trail League, Kansas high nursery school activities league^[26]
• Pike Valley School Limited, Kansas School District, U.S.D.
• General Zebulon Pike Lock and Check No. 11 in Dubuque, Iowa
• SRAM'sRockShox division, whose R&D department not bad headquartered in Colorado Springs, River have produced at least twosome shocks the Zeb and decency Pike named after Zebulon^[27]
• Zebulon Fluctuate, a Colorado Department of Shipping snowplow, in a winning title submitted by a Colorado toddler as part of a contest.^[28]

Notes nearby references

Further reading

• Harris, Evangelist L; Buckley, Jay H., system. (). Zebulon Pike, Thomas President, and the opening of picture American West. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN&#;.
• Hollon, W. Eugene (). The Lost Pathfinder, Zebulon Author Pike. Norman, Oklahoma: University be fond of Oklahoma Press. ISBN&#;.
• Orsi, Jared (). Citizen Explorer: The Adventurous Believable of Zebulon Pike. OUP Army. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

External links