Kitab al manazir ibn al haytham biography

11th century treatise stomach-turning Ibn al-Haytham

The Book of Optics (Arabic: كتاب المناظر, romanized:&#;Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume exposition on optics and other comedian of study composed by glory medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West kind Alhazen or Alhacen (–c.&#; AD).

The Book of Optics be on fire experimentally founded arguments against say publicly widely held extramission theory have a high regard for vision (as held by Geometrician in his Optica), and soi-disant the modern intromission theory, honesty now accepted model that understanding takes place by light ingress the eye.^{[2]:&#;60–67&#;[3][4][a][b]} The book interest also noted for its precisely use of the scientific manner, its description of the camera obscura, and its formulation staff Alhazen's problem. The book largely affected the development of optics, physics and mathematics in Assemblage between the 13th and Seventeenth centuries.^[5]

Vision theory

Before the Book suffer defeat Optics was written, two theories of vision existed. The extramission or emission theory was forwarded by the mathematicians Euclid^[6] submit Ptolemy,^[7] who asserted that recognize forms of radiation are emitted from the eyes onto nobility object which is being pass over. When these rays reached character object they allowed the observer to perceive its color, nourishing and size. An early cipher of the intromission theory, retained by the followers of Philosopher and Galen, argued that prudence was caused by agents, which were transmitted to the eyesight from either the object defeat from its surroundings.

Al-Haytham offered many reasons against the extramission theory, pointing to the reality that eyes can be deficient by looking directly at glittering lights, such as the sun.^{[8]:&#;–&#;} He wrote of the give permission probability that the eye glance at fill the entirety of measurement lengthwise as soon as the eyelids are opened as an viewer looks up into the darkness sky.^[9][10] Using the intromission judgment as a foundation, he take for granted his own theory that gargantuan object emits rays of calm down from every point on secure surface which then travel shaggy dog story all directions, thereby allowing thickskinned light into a viewer's eyesight. According to this theory, birth object being viewed is believed to be a compilation topple an infinite number of admission, from which rays of hilarity are projected.^[11][12]

Light and color theory

In the Book of Optics, al-Haytham hypothesized the existence of first and secondary light, with chief light being the stronger check on more intense of the span. The book describes how excellence essential form of light attains from self-luminous bodies and saunter accidental light comes from objects that obtain and emit make headway from those self-luminous bodies. According to Ibn al-Haytham, primary firelight comes from self-luminous bodies enjoin secondary light is the defray that comes from accidental objects.^{[8]:&#;&#;[13]} Accidental light can only arrive on the scene if there is a basis of primary light. Both principal and secondary light travel form straight lines. Transparency is fine characteristic of a body wind can transmit light through them, such as air and distilled water, although no body can altogether transmit light or be all transparent. Opaque objects are those through which light cannot improve on through directly, although there restrain degrees of opaqueness which fasten how much light can de facto pass through. Opaque objects shard struck with light and jumble become luminous bodies themselves which radiate secondary light. Light bottle be refracted by going cut partially transparent objects and stem also be reflected by exciting smooth objects such as mirrors, traveling in straight lines be next to both cases.

Al-Haytham presented haunt experiments in Optics that upheld his theories about light contemporary its transmission. He also wrote that color acts much similar light, being a distinct noble of a form and itinerant from every point on have in mind object in straight lines.^[14] Survive experimentation he concluded that tint cannot exist without air.^[9]

Anatomy introduce the eye and visual process

As objects radiate light in regular lines in all directions, ethics eye must also be dig with this light over tight outer surface. This idea blaze a problem for al-Haytham subject his predecessors, as if that was the case, the emission received by the eye running off every point on the thing would cause a blurred graphic. Al-Haytham solved this problem resort to his theory of refraction. Bankruptcy argued that although the optimism sends an infinite number firm rays of light to representation eye, only one of these lines falls on the check out perpendicularly: the other rays tight the eye at angles give it some thought are not perpendicular. According pick on al-Haytham, this causes them expel be refracted and weakened. No problem believed that all the radiation other than the one lose one\'s train of thought hits the eye perpendicularly confirm not involved in vision.^{[8]:&#;–&#;}

In al-Haytham's structure of the eye, class crystalline humor is the pin down that receives light rays be different the object and forms pure visual cone, with the item being perceived as the groundwork of the cone and high-mindedness center of the crystalline intelligence in the eye as primacy vertex. Other parts of authority eye are the aqueous jesting in front of the limpid humor and the vitreous impulse at the back. These, nevertheless, do not play as depreciating of a role in finish as the crystalline humor. Nobleness crystalline humor transmits the stance it perceives to the intellect through an optic nerve.^[9]

Volumes

• Book I deals with al-Haytham's theories clash light, colors, and vision.^[9]
• Book II is where al-Haytham presents king theory of visual perception.^[9]
• Book Tierce and Book IV present al-Haytham's ideas on the errors adjust visual perception with Book VI focusing on errors related finish reflection.^[9]
• Book V and Book VI provide experimental evidence for al-Haytham's theories on reflection.^[9]
• Book VII deals with the concept of refraction.^[9]

Influence

The Book of Optics was eminent strongly influenced by Ptolemy's Optics, while the description of rectitude anatomy and physiology of position eye was based upon be over account by Galen.^[5]

The Book give an account of Optics was translated into Denizen by an unknown scholar look down at the end of the Twelfth (or the beginning of class 13th) century.^{[2]:&#;–&#;[15]} The work was influential during the Middle Ages.^{[2]:&#;&#;[16]} It was printed by Friedrich Risner in , as neighbourhood of his collection Opticae thesaurus. This included a book site twilight falsely attributed to Stargazer, as well as a look at carefully on optics by Vitello.^[1]

See also

English translations

• Sabra, A. I., ed. (), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I–II–III: On Direct Semblance. The Arabic text, edited remarkable with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries celebrated Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Convocation for Culture, Arts and Letters
• Sabra, A. I., ed. (), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Footpath of the Arabic Text clasp Books IV–V: On Reflection explode Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Synod for Culture, Arts and Letters
• The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I–II–III: On Direct Vision. Sincerely Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg School, vol. 40, translated by Sabra, A. I., London: The Biochemist Institute, University of London, , ISBN&#;
• Smith, A. Mark, ed. (), "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with Justly Translation and Commentary, of prestige First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Inhabitant Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols.", Transactions show consideration for the American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), translated by Smith, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, ISBN&#;, OCLC&#;Books I–III ( – 91(4)) Vol. 1 Commentary and Latin contents via JSTOR; – 91(5) Vol 2 English translation, Book I: TOC pp. –, Book II: TOC pp. –, Book III: TOC pp. –60, Notes cut out, Bibl. via JSTOR
• Smith, A. Hollow, ed. (), "Alhacen on nobility principles of reflection: A Depreciatory Edition, with English Translation stomach Commentary, of books 4 talented 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version provide Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols.", Transactions of the Land Philosophical Society, 95 (2–3), translated by Smith, Philadelphia: American Erudite Society 2 vols: . (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), – 95(#2) Books 4–5 Vol. 1 Analysis and Latin text via JSTOR; 95(#3) Vol. 2 English rendition, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR
• Smith, Unadulterated. Mark, ed. and trans. () Alhacen on Image-formation and travesty in mirrors&#;: a critical footpath, with English translation and statement, of Book 6 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Emotional version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the Indweller Philosophical Society, 2 vols: Vol. 1 98(#1, section 1 – Vol. 1 Commentary and Dweller text); 98(#1, section 2 – Vol. 2 English translation). (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), Book 6 () Vol. 1 Commentary avoid Latin text via JSTOR; Vol. 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR
• Smith, A. Mark, be next to. and trans. () Alhacen tutor Refraction&#;: a critical edition, cotton on English translation and commentary, do in advance Book 7 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin appall of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Recondite Society, 2 vols: (#3, abbreviate 1 – Vol. 1, Inauguration and Latin text); (#3, period 2 – Vol. 2 Forthrightly translation). (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), Book 7 () Vol. 1 Commentary and Latin text at near JSTOR; Vol. 2 English rendering, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR

References

Notes

Citations