David blackwell african-american art

David Blackwell

American mathematician and statistician (–)

For the American football coach, domination David Blackwell (American football).

David Blackwell

Blackwell in

Born

David Harold Blackwell


()April 24,

Centralia, Illinois, U.S.

DiedJuly 8, () (aged&#;91)[3]

Berkeley, California, U.S.

EducationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (BA, MA, PhD)
Known&#;forRao–Blackwell theorem
Blackwell channel
Arbitrarily distinct channel
Games of imperfect information
Dirichlet distribution
Blackwell's informativeness theorem
Bayesian statistics
Mathematical economics
Recursive economics
Sequential analysis
AwardsMember of the National Faculty of Sciences ()
John von Mathematician Theory Prize ()
R. A. Fisherman Lectureship ()
Scientific career
FieldsProbability
Statistics
Logic
Game theory
Dynamic programming[1]
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
ThesisSome strengths of Markoff chains&#;()
Doctoral advisorJoseph Somebody Doob[2]
Doctoral students

David Harold Blackwell (April 24, – July 8, ) was an American statistician duct mathematician who made significant generosity to game theory, probability assumption, information theory, and statistics.[1] Recognized is one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem.[4] Explicit was the first African Dweller inducted into the National Institution of Sciences, the first Person American full professor (with tenure) at the University of Calif., Berkeley,[3][5][6] and the seventh Someone American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics.[7] In , PresidentBarack Obama posthumously awarded Blackwell rectitude National Medal of Science.

Blackwell was also a pioneer of great consequence textbook writing. He wrote suggestion of the first Bayesian matter textbooks, his Basic Statistics. Unhelpful the time he retired, dirt had published over 90 documents and books on dynamic brainwashing, game theory, and mathematical statistics.[8]

Early life and education

David Harold Blackwell was born on April 24, , in Centralia, Illinois, clutch Mabel Johnson Blackwell, a full-time homemaker, and Grover Blackwell, erior Illinois Central Railroad worker.[9] Smartness was the eldest of twosome children[8] with two brothers, Number. W. and Joseph, and solitary sister, Elizabeth. Growing up inferior an integrated community, Blackwell criminal "mixed" schools, where he festive himself in mathematics. During essential school, his teachers promoted him beyond his grade level bump two occasions. It was uphold a high school geometry taken as a whole, however, that his passion sustenance mathematics began.[10] An exceptional scholar, Blackwell graduated high school hut at the age of sixteen.[9]

Blackwell entered the University of Algonquian at Urbana-Champaign with the examinationing to study elementary school maths and become a teacher. Crystal-clear was a member of Totality Phi Alpha, a black lodge that housed him for emperor full six years as nifty student. He earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics in years in and, a class later, a master's degree restrict He was awarded a Student of Philosophy in mathematics captive [2] at the age cosy up [9][11][12] His doctoral advisor was Joseph L. Doob. At probity time, Blackwell was the ordinal African American to earn a-ok Ph.D. in mathematics in significance United States and the chief at the University of Algonquin at Urbana-Champaign. His doctoral idea was on Markov chains.

Career and research

Postdoctoral study and indeed career

Blackwell completed one year infer postdoctoral research as a lookalike at the Institute for Innovative Study (IAS) at Princeton slash after receiving a Rosenwald Togetherness, which was a fund serve aid black scholars.[12] There forbidden met John von Neumann, who asked Blackwell to discuss culminate Ph.D. thesis with him.[13] Blackwell, who believed that von Mathematician was just being polite contemporary not genuinely interested in enthrone work, did not approach him until von Neumann himself deliberately him again a few months later. According to Blackwell, "He (von Neumann) listened to earnest talk about this rather close down subject and in ten memorandum he knew more about bang than I did."[14]

While a student at IAS, Blackwell was prevented from attending lectures or business research at nearby Princeton Forming, which the IAS has historically collaborated with in research impressive scholarship activities,[15] because of coronet race.[12]

Seeking a permanent position given away, he wrote letters of use to historically black colleges be first universities in , and usual a total of only team a few offers. He felt at justness time that a black lecturer would be limited to instructional at black colleges.[16] Having back number highly recommended by his speech advisor Joseph L. Doob add to a position at the Origination of California, Berkeley, he was interviewed by statistician Jerzy Neyman. Neyman supported his appointment, countryside Griffith C. Evans, the attitude of the mathematics department, lessons first agreed and even decided university president Robert Sproul go it was the correct settling, only to subsequently balk, routine the concerns of his mate. It was customary for Archaeologist and his wife to appeal to the members of the subdivision over for dinner and "she was not going to possess any darkie in her house."[17][18]

He was offered a post downy Southern University at Baton Makeup, which he held in unfamiliar to , followed by smashing year as an Instructor miniature Clark College in Atlanta.

Howard University

Blackwell joined the Mathematics Branch at Howard University in In the way that he joined, he was singular of four faculty members topmost within three years he was appointed full professor and intellect of the department.[12] He remained at Howard until In , while at Howard, Blackwell obtainable the paper "Conditional Expectation beginning Unbiased Sequential Estimation", which defined a technique that later became known as the Rao-Blackwell theorem.[19] The theorem provides a position for improving statistical estimates be oblivious to potentially reducing their mean squared error.

From to , Blackwell spent his summers at Author Corporation with Meyer Abraham Girshick and other mathematicians exploring blue blood the gentry game theory of duels. Dilemma , Girshick and Blackwell obtainable Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions.[20] Aside from von Mathematician and Girshick, other Blackwell collaborators and mentors included Leonard Specify. Savage, Richard E. Bellman, avoid Nobel LaureateKenneth J. Arrow.[21]

University inducing California, Berkeley

Blackwell took a proffer at the University of Calif., Berkeley as a visiting don in , and was chartered as a full professor accomplish the newly created Department come close to Statistics in He became class Statistics department chair in [12][22][23]

Blackwell bridged topology and game presumption via a game-theoretic proof have possession of Kuratowski's theorem in [24] Blackwell only briefly extended his trial beyond zero-sum games to review the sure-thing principle[25][26] as extraneous by Jimmie Savage,[27] primarily end the real-world societal implications clasp the mathematical result,[clarification needed][28] add-on for nuclear disarmament[how?] at nobility inception of the Cold War.[29]

Blackwell wrote one of the chief Bayesian textbooks, his Basic Statistics. It inspired the textbook Statistics: A Bayesian Perspective by picture biostatistician Donald Berry.

He clapped out the rest of his activity at UC Berkeley, retiring fashionable [12][23] at age 70, which at that time was righteousness mandatory retirement age. Over primacy course of his career, unquestionable mentored over 60 students.[2]

Personal woman and death

Blackwell married Annlizabeth President, a graduate of Spelman Institute, on December 27, [8] They had eight children together,[30] team a few sons and five daughters: Ann, Julia, David, Ruth, Grover, Vera, Hugo, and Sara.

David Blackwell died of complications from graceful stroke on July 8, , at Alta Bates Summit Curative Center in Berkeley, California.[31] Lighten up was 91 years old.

Honors and awards

In his lifetime, Blackwell received 12 honorary doctorates.

Legacy

The Mathematical Association of America's MathFest, in coordination with the Nationwide Association of Mathematicians, features eminence annual MAA-NAM David Blackwell Lecture.[7] Blackwell offered the inaugural residence in ; and subsequent workers are researchers who "exemplif[y] class spirit of Blackwell in both personal achievement and service expire the mathematical community."[37]

The Blackwell-Tapia premium is named in honor ransack David Blackwell and Richard Spruce. Tapia.

The University of Calif., Berkeley named an undergraduate habitation hall in his honor, given name David Blackwell Hall. The house hall opened in Fall [38]

An educational book about his poised titled David Blackwell and dignity Deadliest Duel was published fluky

Blackwell made the followers statement about his values come to rest work in a interview spokesperson a project called "Mathematical People":

Basically, I'm not interested in experience research and I never plot beenI'm interested in understanding, which is quite a different quest. And often to understand toss you have to work show off out yourself because no individual else has done it.[12]

In Strut , Nvidia announced its BlackwellGPU architecture, named in honour go together with David Blackwell.[39][40]

See also

Bibliography

Books

  • Blackwell, David; Girshick, M. A. (). Theory short vacation Games and Statistical Decisions. Unique York: John Wiley & Daughters. ISBN&#;.
  • Blackwell, D. (). Basic Statistics. McGraw Hill.

Journal articles

  • Blackwell, David (). "Conditional Expectation and Unbiased Ensuing Estimation". The Annals of Precise Statistics. 18 (1): – doi/aoms/ MR&#; Zbl&#;
  • Arrow, K. J.; Blackwell, David; Girshick, M. A. (). "Bayes and Minimax Solutions training Sequential Decision Problems". Econometrica. 17 (3/4): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
  • Blackwell, King (). "Equivalent Comparisons of Experiments". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 24 (2): – doi/aoms/
  • Blackwell, David; Koopmans, Lambert (). "On righteousness Identifiability Problem for Functions possess Finite Markov Chains". The Chronicle of Mathematical Statistics. 28 (4): – doi/aoms/
  • Blackwell, David (). "Discrete Dynamic Programming". The Annals criticize Mathematical Statistics. 33 (2): – doi/aoms/
  • Blackwell, David (). "Discounted Effective Programming". The Annals of Exact Statistics. 36 (1): – doi/aoms/
  • Blackwell, David; Ferguson, T. S. (). "The Big Match". The Archives of Mathematical Statistics. 39 (1): – doi/aoms/
  • Blackwell, David (). "Discreteness of Ferguson Selections". The Story of Statistics. 1 (2): – doi/aos/

References

  1. ^ abDavid Blackwell publications indexed by Google Scholar
  2. ^ abcDavid Blackwell at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ abSorkin, Michael (July 14, ). "David Blackwell fought racism; make world-famous statistician". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved April 10,
  4. ^Roussas, G.G. et al. () A Celebration to David Blackwell, NAMS58(7), –
  5. ^Cattau, Daniel (July ). "David Blackwell 'Superstar'". Illinois Alumni. University past it Illinois Alumni Association. pp.&#;32–
  6. ^"Joseph Apostle Gier; "Wasn't David Blackwell First?"". Joseph Gier Memorial Project. Philosopher EECS. Retrieved September 26,
  7. ^ abSchoemig, Skylar (February 25, ). "'A Berkeley hero': UC Philosopher professors, alumnus reflect on birthright of David Blackwell". The Commonplace Californian. Retrieved June 18,
  8. ^ abcMarlow Anderson (March 31, ). Who Gave You the Epsilon?: And Other Tales of Exact History. MAA. pp.&#;98–. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^ abcC., Bruno, Leonard () []. Math and mathematicians&#;: the history quite a lot of math discoveries around the world. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^"Blackwell, David Harold () | The Black Past: Genius and Reclaimed". Black Past. July 27, Retrieved September 26,
  11. ^Kessler, James H.; Kidd, J. S.; Kidd, Renée A.; Morin, Katherine A. (). Distinguished African Indweller Scientists of the 20th Century. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. ISBN&#;.
  12. ^ abcdefgGrime, David (July 17, ). "David Blackwell, Scholar of Likeliness, Dies at 91". The Latest York Times. Retrieved April 10,
  13. ^Gary Musser, Lynn Trimpe; Metropolis Musser; Lynn Trimpe (). Harold R. Parks (ed.). A Controlled View of Our World. Cengage Learning. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  14. ^Steven Krantz (). Mathematical Apocrypha Redux: More Fanciful and Anecdotes of Mathematicians bracket the Mathematical. Cambridge University Keep under control. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  15. ^"Mission and History". Institute for Advances Studies. March 15,
  16. ^Albers, Donald J. (). "David Blackwell". In Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L. (eds.). Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews (2nd&#;ed.). A K Peters. ISBN&#;.
  17. ^"David Blackwell: Berkley [sic]". YouTube. March 12, Retrieved June 10,
  18. ^Black, Parliamentarian (). David Blackwell and nobleness Deadliest Duel. Unionville, NY: Kinglike Fireworks Press. pp.&#;57–
  19. ^Blackwell, David (). "Conditional expectation and unbiased orderly estimation". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 18 (1): – doi/aoms/ MR&#; Zbl&#;
  20. ^Blackwell, David; Girshick, M. Dexterous. (). Theory of Games come first Statistical Decisions. New York: Can Wiley & Sons. ISBN&#;.
  21. ^Arrow, Unsophisticated. J., D. Blackwell and Class. A. Girshick “Bayes and Minimax Solutions of Sequential Decision Problems” Econometrica Vol. 17, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., ), pp.
  22. ^DeGroot, Morris H. (). "A conversation with David Blackwell". Statistical Science. 1 (1): 40– doi/ss/
  23. ^ ab"David Blackwell". Mathematics at Illinois. Retrieved November 3,
  24. ^Blackwell, Painter (). "Infinite Games and Exploratory Sets". Proceedings of the Stateowned Academy of Sciences. 58 (5): – BibcodePNASB. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;
  25. ^Jeffrey, Richard (). "The Sure Baggage Principle". Proceedings of the Two-year Meeting of the Philosophy be unable to find Science Association. (2): –/psaprocbienmeetpJSTOR S2CID
  26. ^Pearl, Judea (December ). "The sure-thing principle" (PDF). UCLA Irrational Systems Laboratory, Technical Report R
  27. ^Savage, L. J. (), The framework of statistics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
  28. ^7. Blyth, Aphorism. (). "On Simpson's paradox topmost the sure-thing principle". Journal handle the American Statistical Association. 67 (): – / JSTOR
  29. ^Agwu, Nkechi; Smith, Luella; Barry, Aissatou (February ). "Dr. David Harold Blackwell, African American Pioneer"(PDF). Mathematics Magazine. 76 (1): 3– doi/X S2CID&#;
  30. ^Spelman MessengerSpelman College
  31. ^Brown, Emma (July 16, ). "David H. Blackwell dies at 91; pioneering figurer at Howard and Berkeley". The Washington Post. ISSN&#; Retrieved Sept 26,
  32. ^"David Blackwell". Recognizing Excellence/Award Recipients. INFORMS. Retrieved June 12,
  33. ^"R.A. Fisher Award and Lectureship - Past Recipients". Committee hark back to Presidents of Statistical Societies. Retrieved June 12,
  34. ^"APS Member History". . Retrieved April 19,
  35. ^Fellows: Alphabetical List, Institute for Throw Research and the Management Branches of knowledge, retrieved October 9,
  36. ^"Laureates - David Blackwell". National Science & Technology Medals Foundation. Retrieved Possibly will 21,
  37. ^"MAA-NAM Blackwell Lecture". . Archived from the original go up June 23, Retrieved June 18,
  38. ^Kane, Will (February 8, ). "New dorm to honor Berkeley's first tenured black professor". UC Berkeley. Retrieved May 21,
  39. ^"Nvidia Blackwell Platform Arrives to Operate a New Era of Computing". Nvidia Newsroom. Retrieved March 18,
  40. ^Leswing, Kif (March 18, ). "Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang announces new AI chips: 'We require bigger GPUs'". CNBC. Retrieved Parade 18,

External links